Staphylococcus aureus is a major causative agent of intra-mammary infections in dairy animals with potential virulence of surface components, toxins, and extracellular enzymes. About 74% quarter prevalence of S. aureus in bovine udder with overall prevalence exceeding 61% in dairy animals. About 17 different serotypes of dairy originated S. aureus have been reported with 24 virulence coding genes for leukocidins (lukED/lukM), pyrogenic toxin super antigen (PTSAg), haemolysins (hla-hlg), toxic-shock syndrome toxin (tst), enterotoxins (sea-seo, seu), exfoliative toxins (eta, etb), and genes for methicillin (mecA) and penicillin (blaZ) resistance. Attainment of refuge inside the macrophages and neutrophils is a major cause of S. aureus mastitis persistence. Mammary prebiotics and probiotics are recently being used as alternatives to antibiotic for the prevention of mastitis. Literature showed anti- staphylococcus vaccines with different results depending upon types of immunization, route of administration and adjuvant used. Studies has shown that herd specific as well as commercial S. aureus vaccines reduce new infections in dairy animals. Experiments are still in progress for the use of vaccines against S. aureus mastitis with optimal efficacy and reliability. Perhaps, there might be bright future because of highly satisfactory trial results of mastitis vaccines in the lab animals.
Burns cause many significant changes in metabolism and inflammatory reactions, leading to poor regeneration in animals and humans. A list of medicines to treat burns is available in the market. But due to the high cost of these medicines, these are unaffordable, especially for farmers of middle-class families of Africa and Asia. Therefore, a low-cost complementary treatment has always been a topic of many researchers, and there is a dire need of time for the welfare of animals to save them. The current study was planned to scrutinize the therapeutic effects of Manuka honey and Nitrofurazone ointments on full-thickness burn wounds in the rabbit model. The healing efficacy was performed through wound contraction rate, hematological analysis, the thickness of dermis and epidermis, and collagen content percentage. Histopathology was performed after taking biopsy samples at the end of the research. Based on statistical analysis using wound healing time (days, D), the combination (MO + NT) resulted in a shorter period (27 D ± 1) than the average healing time of controlled (36 ± 2), Manuka ointment (31.33 D ± 1.52), and Nitrofurazone ointment (32 ± 1). A significant decrease in the count of red blood cell (RBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) in all treatments was noticed mainly in MO + NT. Furthermore, burns induced a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the white blood cells (WBCs) count levels in the MO-treated group. While the level of platelets (PLTs) was not significantly different from the healthy control group. Histopathological assessment (epithelialization, fibrosis, and angiogenesis) of skin showed burn healing to be better in MO and MO + NT groups. In conclusion, the composite of Manuka honey with Nitrofurazone led to the faster recovery than other treatments.
A field experiment was conducted at Agronomy Farm, RCSM College of Agriculture, Kolhapur (M.S.), India during Kharif, 2020 in black Vertisol soil using split plot design with four replications. The main plot factors consist of time of application viz., T1: 15 days after sowing (DAS), T2: 30 DAS and T3: 45 DAS and sub plot factors consist of doses of nano nitrogen (N) fertilizers viz., N1: 1.00 litre per ha, N2: 1.25 litre per ha and N3: 1.50 litre per ha making total nine treatment combinations. The results of main plot showed that length of cob (20.56 cm), diameter of cob (19.71 cm), weight of cob per plant (222.29 g), number of grains per cob (402.07), green cob yield per ha (138.32 q), green fodder yield per ha (359.75 q), protein content in grain (9.74%) and crude protein in stover (5.18%) were significantly maximum when foliar spray was done at 15 days after sowing (DAS). The gross monetary return (Rs. 5,93,172.04 ha-1) and net monetary return (Rs. 3,78,016.10 ha-1) were significantly maximum with foliar spray at 15 DAS (T1) over later spraying at 30 DAS (T2) and 45 DAS (T3). While, in sub-plot length of cob (18.55 cm), diameter of cob (16.83 cm), weight of cob per plant (208.65 g), number of grains per cob (371.25), green cob yield per ha (125.96 q), green fodder yield per ha (344.39 q), protein content in grain (9.29%) and crude protein in stover (5.10%) were obtained from treatment N3 (1.5 litre ha-1) which was on par with treatment N2 (1.25 litre ha-1) and significantly superior over N1 (1 litre ha-1). The highest value of the gross monetary return (Rs. 5,80,827.23 ha-1) and net monetary return (Rs. 3,59,534.55 ha-1) were obtained from treatment N3 (1.5 litre ha-1) which was at par with treatment N2 (1.25 litre ha-1) and significantly superior over treatment N1 (1.00 litre ha-1).
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