This study utilizes Structural Equation Modeling with maximum likelihood discrepancy function to examine the relationship among various cultural dimensions and multicultural learning styles, and subsequently the impact thereof on student academic performance. 210 MBA students who enrolled in an online class were examined. The hypothetical model integrated proven learning styles and cultural theories. While Kolb’s Learning Styles Inventory (LSI) version 3.1 captured attributes of learning style preferences, the Cultural Dimensions of Learning Framework questionnaire developed by Parrish and Linder-VanBerschot (2010) captured cultural preferences. Three structural models (epistemological beliefs, social beliefs, and temporal perceptions dimension of culture) were analyzed. It was found that epistemological beliefs and temporal perceptions dimensions of culture exhibited a positive relationship with multicultural learning styles; the social relationship dimension showed negative relationship, while total effect on student academic performance across was relatively similar across all models.
This paper focuses on assessing the impact of Dutch Disease on economic growth of Pakistan. In the first step, Dutch Disease is detected and then examines its link with economic growth. Annual time series data from 1981 to 2016 is used for analysis from World Development Indicators (2016). Generalized Method of moment (GMM) is used for estimation as it addresses the endogeneity and hetroscadasticity problems in the data. The estimation of Dutch Disease at an aggregate and sector level provide evidence for hindrances to economic growth in Pakistan which is the main objective of the study. The results showed that Dutch disease is harmful for industrial sector which impede output and employment generation process and hence economic growth.
This study examines economic benefits of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) vehicles in Pakistan where social cost is explained by CO₂ emission from transport (million metric tons), using time series data from 2000 to 2010 of Pakistan. The result shows that there exists a significant relationship of both economic & financial cost with CO 2 emission levels. Individual effects of variables/predictors included in the model are illustrated. All three variables are found to be statistically significantly at 0.1. Increasing number of converted CNG vehicles are negatively related to overall CO 2 emission through transport. It means CNG vehicles are reducing the social cost in Pakistan resulting in an overall economic benefit to society in terms of reduced CO 2 emissions. The results proved that, with an increase in 1000 CNG vehicles on the road, CO 2 emissions declined by .008 m metric tons. It is recommended that govt. of Pakistan should take some positive steps in order to improve economic and financial cost of CNG in Pakistan because in comparison with social cost of CNG in Pakistan, it can be deduced that financial/economic cost that has both positive and negative relationship. The results also show that CNG is contributing less in the overall pollution level in Pakistan as compared to other burning fuels.
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