No abstract

We investigate the state space reconstruction from multiple time series derived from continuous and discrete systems and propose a method for building embedding vectors progressively using information measure criteria regarding past, current, and future states. The embedding scheme can be adapted for different purposes, such as mixed modeling, cross-prediction and Granger causality. In particular, we apply this method in order to detect and evaluate information transfer in coupled systems. As a practical application, we investigate in records of scalp epileptic EEG the information flow across brain areas.

No abstract

People with epilepsy have greatly increased probability of premature mortality due to sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Identifying which patients are most at risk of SUDEP is hindered by a complex genetic etiology, incomplete understanding of the underlying pathophysiology and lack of prognostic biomarkers. Here we evaluated heterozygous Scn2a gene deletion (Scn2a+/-) as a protective genetic modifier in the Kcna1 knockout mouse (Kcna1-/-) model of SUDEP, while searching for biomarkers of SUDEP risk embedded in electroencephalography (EEG) and electrocardiography (ECG) recordings. The human epilepsy gene Kcna1 encodes voltage-gated Kv1.1 potassium channels that act to dampen neuronal excitability whereas Scn2a encodes voltage-gated Nav1.2 sodium channels important for action potential initiation and conduction. SUDEP-prone Kcna1-/- mice with partial genetic ablation of Nav1.2 channels (i.e. Scn2a+/-; Kcna1-/-) exhibited a two-fold increase in survival. Classical analysis of EEG and ECG recordings separately showed significantly decreased seizure durations in Scn2a+/-; Kcna1-/- mice compared with Kcna1-/- mice, without substantial modification of cardiac abnormalities. Novel analysis of the EEG and ECG together revealed a significant reduction in EEG-ECG association in Kcna1-/- mice compared with wild types, which was partially restored in Scn2a+/-; Kcna1-/- mice. The degree of EEG-ECG association was also proportional to the survival rate of mice across genotypes. These results show that Scn2a gene deletion acts as protective genetic modifier of SUDEP and suggest measures of brain-heart association as potential indices of SUDEP susceptibility.

An activity can be seen as a resultant of coordinated movement of body joints and their respective interdependencies to achieve a goal-directed task. This idea is further supported by Johansson's demonstrations that visual perception of the entire human body motion can be represented by a few bright spots which holistically describe the motion of important joints. Traditional dynamical modeling approaches usually operate on the level of individual joints of the human body, lacking any information about the interdependencies between joints. We propose a novel approach for dynamical modeling by extending conventional ideas to quantify the interdependencies between body joints. Towards this end, we propose a new approach -approximate entropy-based feature representation to model the dynamics in human movement by quantifying dynamical regularity. In this paper, we utilize the algorithmic framework of [3] for estimating approximate entropy from time series data and extend it to model the dynamics in human activities for applications such as temporal segmentation and fine-grained quality assessment of actions.Approximate entropy is a statistical tool proposed by Pincus [3, 4] for quantification of regularity of time series data and system complexity, based on the log-likelihood of repetitions of patterns of length m being close within a defined tolerance window that will exhibit similar characteristics as patterns of length (m+1) [2,3]. It assigns a non-negative number to time series data, with lower values for predictable (ordered) signals and higher values for signals with increased irregularity (or randomness). It is defined using three parameters: embedding dimension (m), radius (r), and time delay (τ). Here, m represents the length of pattern (also called as embedding vector) in the data which is checked for repeatability, τ is selected so that the components of the embedding vector are sufficiently independent, and r is used for the estimation of local probabilities. Given N data samples {x 1 , x 2 , . . . , x N }, we can define embedding vector x(i) as,The frequency of repeatable patterns of the embedding vector within a tolerance r is given by C m i (r) asApproximate Entropy is given bywhere:C m i (r) represents the frequency of repeatable patterns in the embedding vector x(i), Θ(a) is the Heaviside step function, and Φ m (r) represents the conditional frequency estimates.Multivariate Cross Approximate Entropy (XAPEN): Recent theoretical and empirical findings have demonstrated that multivariate embedding of time series data by simple concatenation of individual univariate embedding vectors achieves good state space reconstruction as evaluated by the shape and dynamics distortion measures. In this work, we propose to use the multivariate embedding procedure as described by Cao et al.[1] per body joint and estimate the approximate entropy feature representation. In addition, natural human movement involves multiple body joints interacting with each other to together accomplish a particular action task. Hence, i...