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Pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) have been recently shown to exert phytotoxic effects. The present study explores the uptake, systemic translocation, and abiotic stress responses and detoxification mechanisms induced by the exposure of alfalfa plants grown in sand under greenhouse conditions to four common, individually applied PhACs (10μgL(-1)) (diclofenac, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, 17a-ethinylestradiol) and their mixture. Stress physiology markers (lipid peroxidation, proline, H2O2 and NO content, antioxidant activity assays) and gene expression levels of key plant detoxification components (including glutathione S-transferases, GST7, GST17; superoxide dismutases, CuZnSOD, FeSOD; proton pump, H(+)-ATP, and cytochrome c oxidase, CytcOx), were evaluated. PhACs were detected in significantly higher concentrations in roots compared with leaves. Stress related effects, manifested via membrane lipid peroxidation and oxidative burst, were local (roots) rather than systemic (leaves), and exacerbated when the tested PhACs were applied in mixture. Systemic accumulation of H2O2 in leaves suggests its involvement in signal transduction and detoxification responses. Increased antioxidant enzymatic activities, as well as upregulated transcript levels of GST7, GST17, H(+)-ATPase and CytcOx, propose their role in the detoxification of the selected PhACs in plants. The current findings provide novel biochemical and molecular evidence highlighting the studied PhACs as an emerging abiotic stress factor, and point the need for further research on wastewater flows under natural agricultural environments.

There is a large number of chiral selectors (CSs) that have, over the years, been synthesized and used in electrophoretic enantioseparations. This report highlights the most important CSs applied in CE during the period 2012 to mid-2014. It is mainly focused on method developments and validations, along with pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. Even though numerous publications have, through the years, reported the utilization of CSs in enantioseparations, only the ones applied in electrophoretic techniques the last approximately three years are demonstrated in this review article. In particular, cyclodextrins, cyclofructants, linear and branched oligo- and polysaccharides, antibiotics, and polymeric surfactants are presented, and their advantages, their chiral recognition mechanisms, and their performance are discussed.

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This report, which is a sequence of a series of reviews, records the most important chiral selectors (CSs) applied in CE. It highlights the CSs that were used during the period 2014 to mid-2016. In this review, method developments, validations, and pharmaceutical along with biomedical applications are presented. The different CSs include CDs, antibiotics, cyclofructants, linear and branched oligo- and polysaccharides, and polymeric surfactants. In addition, the advantages of these CSs, along with their chiral recognition mechanisms, and their performance, are discussed.