VL still affects children in our area. Fever, splenomegaly, anemia and appetite loss are the typical findings in children. Noninvasive techniques (immunofluorescent antibody test, rK39) in combination with bone marrow microscopy are useful in the diagnosis of pediatric VL.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) refers to the rapid loss of renal function. In clinical practice, AKI is common among hospitalized patients of all age groups including neonates and remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality due to its late diagnosis and therefore delayed therapeutic intervention. Although the precise incidence of AKI in newborn is unknown, several studies have reported that 8 to 24% of all critically ill newborns in neonatal intensive care units may develop the condition. We aim at reviewing the existing literature on novel serum and urinary biomarkers and discuss their role in the early diagnosis and prognosis of AKI in newborns. Specifically, this review will focus on cystatin C (CysC), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) in serum and on CysC, NGAL, kidney injury molecule-1, and IL-18 in urine.

Short-course L-AmB regimens are effective and safe for the treatment of childhood VL in our area. Our findings suggest that large L-AmB doses can possibly account for a higher rate of adverse events including nephrotoxicity.

Haemodynamic fluctuations at baseline, during normocapnic hypoxia and reoxygenation in Landrace/Large White piglets are comparable to that in human neonates, making the breed a favorable model of human neonatal hypoxia investigation.

No abstract