People tend to alleviate their negative emotions by shopping. Considering the change of shopping behavior during COVID-19 outbreak, negative emotions are the key contributors to this change. In this light, this study aims to investigate how negative emotions caused by COVID-19 affect shopping behaviors. This study classified consumer groups based on their perceived negative emotions (i.e., anxiety, fear, depression, anger, and boredom). By clustering analysis, four groups (i.e., group of anxiety, depression, anger, and indifference) were derived. Then, this study examined how each of the emotional groups differently affect the shopping-related motivations (i.e., mood alleviation, shopping enjoyment, socialization seeking, and self-control seeking) and shopping behaviors (i.e., shopping for high-priced goods and buying of bulk goods). Results revealed all emotional groups affect socialization seeking and influence high-priced shopping intentions. However, depression and indifference are positively associated with socialization seeking and influence bulk shopping intentions. In addition, other emotions except for anxiety affect mood alleviation and influence high-priced shopping intentions. Finally, anger is associated with self-control seeking and affects bulk shopping intentions. This study enables practitioners and researchers to better understand how people control negative emotions by shopping in pandemic situations such as the current COVID-19 crisis.

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Lck-interacting adaptor protein/Rlk/Itk-binding protein (Lad/RIBP) was previously identified as an adaptor protein involved in TCRmediated T-cell activation. To elucidate the functions of Lad further, we here performed yeast 2-hybrid screening using Lad as bait and discovered that the G protein ␤ subunit (G␤) is a Lad-binding partner. Since the most well-known G protein-coupled receptor in T cells is the chemokine receptor, we investigated whether Lad is involved in chemokine signaling. We found that, upon che- IntroductionLymphocytes circulate continually in the blood and secondary lymphoid organs, and migrate into the tissues to sites of infection. Chemokines, which are small proteins with molecular weights in the range of 8 to 12 kDa, play important roles in these migratory processes. To date, more than 50 chemokines and 20 receptors in the human chemokine system have been characterized. 1,2 Chemokines and their receptors have also been divided in terms of their functions into the homeostatic and inflammatory families. [1][2][3] In general, homeostatic chemokine receptors are constitutively expressed and act to guide the traffic of lymphocytes under normal conditions. In contrast, inflammatory chemokine receptors are inducibly expressed upon antigen exposure and regulate the migration of lymphocytes in response to inflammatory signals. For example, the constitutive chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CCR7 regulate naive or memory T-cell homing upon the binding of SDF-1␣ (CXCL12), 4,5 while inducible chemokine receptors such as CCR5 regulate the movement of effector T cells to inflammatory sites upon the binding of RANTES (CCL5). 4,5 The chemokine receptors are members of a family of 7-transmembrane-spanning, G protein-coupled receptors. 3,6 Upon engagement of a chemokine with their receptor, the receptor-associated heterotrimeric G protein dissociates into the G␣ and G␤␥ subunits. While it is not clear yet how the G␣i subunit contributes to chemokine-dependent migration, 7 it is known that the G␤␥ subunit recruits effector molecules such as phospholipase C-␤ (PLC-␤) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and transmits the chemokine signal. 8 Moreover, PLC-␤2 and PLC-␤3 directly associate with G␤␥, which activates their enzymatic activities. 8,9 However, a study with mice revealed that the absence of PLC-␤2 and PLC-␤3 had no effect on the chemokine-dependent migration of leukocytes despite the impairment of chemoattractant-induced Ca ϩϩ efflux. 8,10 This suggests that PLC-␤ is not directly involved in chemotaxis. With regard to PI3K␥, which also directly associates with G␤␥ and becomes activated, 11,12 its activation stimulates the production of phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate (PtdIns(3,4,5)P3) and thereby recruits signaling molecules containing the PH domain into the plasma membrane. However, the migration of T cells is not particularly affected by the inhibition of the PI3K pathway. 13,14 Instead, the DOCK2-dependent, PI3K-independent pathway seems to play an important role in the migration of T cells. ...

Abstract. A deep recurrent neural network system based on a long short-term memory (LSTM) model was developed for daily PM10 and PM2.5 predictions in South Korea. The structural and learnable parameters of the newly developed system were optimized from iterative model training. Independent variables were obtained from ground-based observations over 2.3 years. The performance of the particulate matter (PM) prediction LSTM was then evaluated by comparisons with ground PM observations and with the PM concentrations predicted from two sets of 3-D chemistry-transport model (CTM) simulations (with and without data assimilation for initial conditions). The comparisons showed, in general, better performance with the LSTM than with the 3-D CTM simulations. For example, in terms of IOAs (index of agreements), the PM prediction IOAs were enhanced from 0.36–0.78 with the 3-D CTM simulations to 0.62–0.79 with the LSTM-based model. The deep LSTM-based PM prediction system developed at observation sites is expected to be further integrated with 3-D CTM-based prediction systems in the future. In addition to this, further possible applications of the deep LSTM-based system are discussed, together with some limitations of the current system.

A unified strategy for the deoxygenative or desulfurative pyridylation of various alcohols and thiols has been developed through a single-electron transfer (SET) process of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) derived from pyridinium salts and PtBu 3 . Mechanistic studies revealed that N-amidopyridinium salts serve as effective Lewis acids for the formation of FLPs with PtBu 3 , and the generated phosphine radical cation ionically couples with the in situ generated xanthate, eventually affording the alkyl radical through facile β-scission under photocatalyst-free conditions. The reaction efficiency was further accelerated by visible-light irradiation. This method is conceptually appealing by using encounter complexes in FLP chemistry to promote SET, which provides a previously unrecognized opportunity for the selective heteroarylation of a diverse range of alcohols and thiols with various functional groups, even in complex settings under mild reaction conditions.