In context-aware computing, the context aggregation is an important function of the context management. In an infrastructure-based smart space, a centralized context management system need not concern about its resource consumption for context aggregation. However, in a personal smart space which consists of only resource-constrained mobile devices, not only global resource consumption of the personal smart space but also that of the device which plays a role of a context manager (coordinator) must be minimized. In this paper, we propose a task decomposition scheme in which heavy context aggregation tasks to be imposed on a centralized coordinating device are decomposed and distributed to all the participating mobile devices (clients) in a mobile smart space. By decomposing and distributing the heavy aggregation operations the processing overhead upon the coordinating device can be minimized while providing equivalent context aggregation capability for applications, but maintaining the total amount of processing of all devices not to be significantly increased.
Abstract.[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of therapist-assisted and self-induced lower-limb PNF pattern training on the activation of contralateral muscles, with the objective of discovering whether self-led PNF pattern training can be effective.[Subjects] Six male and 15 female students participated in the experiment; after being introduced to the methods, they voluntarily signed a consent form.[Method] Members of the self-led treadmill exercise group went through three sets of extension, abduction, and internal rotation-the lower-limb pattern of PNF training-according to a researcher's spoken instructions. The other group went through three sets of the same exercises, receiving direct resistance training from a therapist. A surface EMG was used for measurement, and the average values of three measurements were used for both groups. [Result] In the treadmill group, muscular activation of the opposite-side lower limbs showed a significant difference. There were also changes in muscular activation in the PNF pattern group conducted by a therapist. It was found that muscular activation of the gastrocnemius was higher in the group that received training from a therapist, while semitendinosus activation was higher in the self-led treadmill group. [Conclusion] In conclusion, these findings suggest that PNF training on a treadmill can be effective in promoting muscular activation of the contralateral semitendinosus, while therapist-led PNF training promotes muscular activation of the gastrocnemius. Overall, lower-limb PNF pattern training of one side of the body can be an effective treatment method for promoting muscular activation of the opposite side.
We evaluated the magnetic alignment and superconducting magnetic anisotropies of high-Tc superconductor Yb 1 Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ by both X-ray diffraction and magnetization measurements. The sample was grain aligned under a high magnetic field of 6 T. X-ray diffraction pattern revealed normal alignment in Yb -123 by showing the c axis aligned perpendicular to the magnetic field. At low temperatures, magnetic hysteresis ΔM with magnetic field perpendicular to a–b plane is larger than magnetic hysteresis parallel to a–b plane. A crossover was observed at higher temperature in magnetic hystereses, i.e., ΔM⊥a - b < ΔM‖a - b at certain applied field. This crossover can be explained due to difference in vortex structure along both field directions.
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