Background and objectives: Reported microbial resistance to antibiotics is increasing. One of the main factors is patient non-compliance in use of antibiotics. Pharmacist counseling has been shown to be effective in increasing compliance with the use of several types of medications, but its effectiveness of on compliance with antibiotic use has not been widely published. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of pharmaceutical counseling in a pharmacy setting to increase compliance with antibiotic use.Method: A randomized controlled trial was conducted on 104 adult patients aged 18 years and over who purchased antibiotics by prescription at a pharmacy in Denpasar City, Bali Province. The number of subjects was determined with a confidence level of 95% and a power of 90% with the effect size of 20%. Subjects were divided into two groups using the block randomization method, namely 52 subjects in the intervention group and 52 subjects in the control group. The intervention group was provided with pharmaceutical counseling by a pharmacist at the time of delivery of the drug at the pharmacy, while the control group was provided drug information according to the pharmacy service standard. Subject compliance was measured by telephone interview using the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale-8 questionnaire within 3-5 days after purchasing the medication. Statistical analysis with the Mann Whitney U Test was performed to determine the difference in mean rank of compliance scores between the intervention group and the control group. The proportion of compliance among the intervention group was divided by proportion of compliance in the control group to get the compliance ratio. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the adjusted compliance ratio.Results: The number of subjects analyzed was 98, as 5 subjects could not be contacted by telephone and 1 subject was hospitalized. The mean rank of compliance scores in the intervention group (61.05) was significantly higher (p<0.001) than the comparison group (37.95). The proportion of compliance in the intervention group was 65.3% and the control group was 18.4%, with the proportion ratio (PR) of 3.56 (95%CI=1.90-6.64). Logistic regression analysis showed that variables which significantly increased compliance with antibiotic use were pharmacist counseling (APR=9.33; 95%CI: 3.24-26.87), frequency of taking medication (APR=6.94; 95%CI: 2.01-23.92) and method of payment (APR=4.30; 95%CI: 1.18-15.66).Conclusion: Pharmaceutical counseling at a pharmacy setting was found to increase compliance of antibiotic use. Compliance of antibiotic use is also influenced by the frequency of taking medication and the method of payment. Pharmacist counseling when accessing medication at a pharmacy is crucial for improving patient compliance of antibiotic use.
Tidal floods affect the surrounding community not only on social, economic, environmental aspects, but also psychological aspects. This phenomenon becomes very important for families in achieving psychological well-being. The purpose of this study was to analyze the psychological well-being of families affected by tidal flooding. Quantitative methods was used in this research with cross sectional study approaches. A total of 84 respondents were taken by purposive sampling. Spearman Rank and Kruskal Wallis correlations was used for data analysis. The result showed that the psychological well-being of respondents averaged 159 197.39 with the lowest value and the highest value of 228. The Kruskal Wallis test results obtained ρ: 0.340> 0.05, meaning that there is no difference in psychological well-being in the three villages. The psychological well-being of families affected by tidal floods is in the low category, so it needs guidance, and cooperation between related institutions in handling psychological aspects.
Introduction: Patient counselling is a part of pharmaceutical services, where there is interaction between pharmacy workers with patients to provide drug information to improve patient safety. Pharmacy assistants are on the frontline of community pharmaceutical services in Indonesia, but regulations do not give them the authority to provide patient counselling. Aim of the research: This study explored pharmacy workers' perceptions about the role of pharmacy assistants to provide patient counselling within the community. Material and methods: This was an exploratory qualitative study with 17 participants, comprising 9 pharmacists and 8 pharmacy assistants recruited through purposive sampling. Data were collected from May to June 2020. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect qualitative data on pharmacy workers' perceptions regarding patient counselling provided by pharmacy assistants. Data analysis was performed thematically. Results: This is the first study to date to explore the perceptions of pharmacy workers regarding the role of patient counselling by pharmacy assistants. Pharmacy workers believed that modified patient counselling could be conducted by pharmacy assistants, taking into account the following 6 aspects: the use of the term counselling, content and context, duration of interactions with patients, competency of service providers, infrastructure, and training needs. Conclusions: To be accepted by stakeholders, patient counselling provided by pharmacy assistants should be modified to consider aspects of competence and supportive infrastructure. StreszczenieWprowadzenie: W ramach poradnictwa dla pacjentów, które stanowi część usług farmaceutycznych, dochodzi do interakcji pomiędzy pracownikami apteki a pacjentami w celu przekazania informacji o lekach dla poprawy bezpieczeństwa pacjentów. Asystenci farmaceutyczni stoją na pierwszej linii usług farmaceutycznych w społeczności lokalnej w Indonezji, jednak przepisy nie dają im uprawnień do udzielania porad pacjentom. Cel pracy: Niniejsze badanie dotyczyło postrzegania przez pracowników aptek roli asystentów farmaceutycznych w udzielaniu porad pacjentom w ramach społeczności lokalnej. Materiał i metody: Było to jakościowe badanie eksploracyjne obejmujące 17 uczestników, w tym 9 farmaceutów i 8 asystentów farmaceutycznych, których rekrutowano w drodze doboru celowego. Dane gromadzono od maja do czerwca 2020 r. W celu zebrania danych jakościowych na temat percepcji pracowników aptek pod kątem porad udzielanych przez asystentów farmaceutycznych przeprowadzono badanie metodą wywiadu częściowo ustrukturyzowanego. Analiza danych została przeprowadzona w sposób tematyczny. Wyniki: Jest to pierwsze badanie poświęcone postrzeganiu przez pracowników aptek roli, jaką w poradnictwie dla pacjentów odgrywają asystenci farmaceutyczni. Pracownicy aptek uważali, że zmodyfikowane poradnictwo dla pacjentów może być prowadzone przez asystentów farmaceutycznych, uwzględniając następujące aspekty: użycie terminu poradnictwo, treść i kontekst, czas trwania interak...
Introduction: The general public plays a role in the increase and spread of antimicrobial resistance by seeking self-medication with antibiotics. Aim: The purpose of this systematic review is to evaluate the prevalence of self-medication with short-term antibiotics in Asian countries. Method: A literature search was performed on Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct databases in 2013-2020. Results: A total of 36 articles were included for full review and data extraction. The prevalence of self-medication with antibiotics in the articles reviewed was 50.8%. The main source of antibiotics without a prescription is from community pharmacies. The practice of self-medication with antibiotics is influenced by multifactor. Conclusion: Self-medication with antibiotics is a very common practice in Asian countries, contributing to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance which is no longer a threat but a terrible reality. This review provides an overview of the need for solutions to reduce self-medication with antibiotics behaviour in the community.
This researched aims to: 1) Develop local food potentials into innovative product of lactagenic megono food, 2) Analyzed the nutritional content of lactagenic megono product,3) Analyzed the influence of lactagenic megono on increasing breast milk production and infant growth. Methods of this researched include: 1) Hedonic organoleptic perceptive test of three megono recipes derived from the community around Pekalongan. The selected product then tested proximate and intervention was conducted by lactating mothers. The result of hedonic organoleptic test proves that the selected product is A megono recipe, the value of taste attribute got 87, the aroma got 84, the texture attribute got 89 and the color attribute got 86. The proximate test shows that the water content is 79,98%, the ash content is 2,611%, the fat content is 1,653%, the protein level is 2,967, andthe carbohydrate level is 12,789%. The mean of infant weight in the control group increased until to 3 rd weeks by 19.17 grams, in the intervention group of 684.26 grams. The average increase of breast milk volume in the control group was 63.413 ml, in the intervention group of 221.413 ml. The result of Anova test no difference of infant weight in control group (? value equal to 0,949> 0,05), in group of intervention given by megono lactagenichas significant difference (? value equal to 0,048
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