Innovation and innovativeness should be seen as a vast and internally complex set of measures carried out to improve management efficiency, build strong competitive positions and obtain economic benefits from enterprises, national economies and societies. A possibility of achieving these benefits is the category of competitiveness, hence, relative position of a region is measured using various indicators. The aim of the study is to analyze the level of the selected RIS indicators of the Podkarpackie against selected EU regions. The study will make it possible to understand in which area Podkarpackie performs better and in which worse? The analysis is carried out at the regional level NUTS 2. The most important approach in which quantitative indicators have been used comprehensively is EIS, which makes it possible to compare the Podkarpackie with the selected regions of Poland and the EU. Seven regions were selected for our analysis: 1 in Denmark, Germany, the United Kingdom, Czech Republic and 3 in Poland. When it comes to innovativeness, the Podkarpackie region is a Moderate Innovator. The results of our research show that the relative strengths in the regional innovation system are design applications, sales new-tomarket/firm innovations, R&D expenditures business sector, non-R&D innovation expenditures, and tertiary education. Relative weaknesses are: marketing or organizational innovations, and also life-long learning.
The objective of this paper is to show the mediation between citizens and political power by political parties in czech rural areas. The position of political parties in rural municipalities is demonstrated in two perspectives. The top-down perspective is based on the distribution of several tens of thousands mandates in local municipal councils between political parties. The opposite perspective provides the bottom-up point of view-from the level of the individual municipalities, their party systems and party organisational structures. The analysis of the municipal election results reveals clearly that the role of political parties in local politics depends namely on the size of the given municipality. in this sense, the czech republic represents a very interesting example as it is characterised by a dense and heavily fragmented population settlement with a large number of small rural municipalities. in rural municipalities, we encounter incomplete party spectra and the absence of political parties in the smallest municipalities. Besides, the lists of candidates in rural municipalities reveal the weakness of the local party organisations that cannot avoid cooperating with the independent candidates. The small distance between the citizen and the elected body in a rural community significantly determines the forms of the local politics; the ideological and party mediation is superfluous, in fact, it is often seen as something harmful which divides the rural community. Abstrakt: cílem příspěvku je ukázat, jak politické strany ve venkovském prostoru zajišťují zprostředkování mezi občany a politickou mocí. Postavení politických stran ve venkovských obcích je ukázáno v dvojí perspektivě. Jednu perspektivu-pohled shora dolů-nabízejí celkové volební výsledky, rozdělení několika desítek tisíc mandátů v obecních zastupitel-stvech mezi politické strany. opačná perspektiva se otvírá zdola nahoru-z úrovně jednotlivých obcí, jejich stranických systémů a stranických organizačních struktur. Analýza výsledků obecních voleb ukazuje, že úloha politických stran v lokální politice závisí zejména na velikosti obce. V tomto smyslu Čr představuje velmi zajímavý příklad, neboť ji charakterizuje fragmentovaná sídelní struktura s velkým počtem malých venkovských obcí. Ve venkovských obcích se setkáváme se neú-plnými stranickými spektry, v nejmenších obcích i s absencí politických stran. Kandidátní listiny pro obecní volby ukazují slabost místních organizací politických stran, jež se nedokáží obejít bez nezávislých kandidátů. Malá vzdálenost mezi občanem a voleným orgánem ve venkovské komunitě značně ovlivňuje podobu lokální politiky, ideologické a stranické zprostředkování je nadbytečné a často je chápáno jako rušivý prvek, který venkovskou komunitu rozděluje. Klíčová slova: politické zprostředkování, participace, venkovské obce, zastupitelstva, volby, politické strany, stranické sys-témy, nezávislí kandidáti Supported by the czech Science Foundation (grant no. 403/06/1308-citizens Participation in rural Municipalities Public Life in th...
The study aims to show in the conditions of the South Bohemian Region the effectiveness and efficiency of support for the local economy as an endogenous source of employment and business development in tourism support. The methodological procedure is a multiplier including an input-output matrix for the South Bohemian Region. This matrix contains statistical data on aggregated regional - economic resources, production, and consumption. The results of the calculations of final demand and regional gross value added of the region are also presented. The primary data sources for the calculation were the open-source of the Czech Statistical Office, which publishes the Statistical Yearbook every year. The Statistical Yearbook of the South Bohemian Region 2021 contains all the necessary data for processing the input-output analysis of the multiplier effects of the tourism industry. The results of the application of these tools are summarized in a sectoral input-output table for the South Bohemian Region. The output multipliers for the South Bohemian Region show increased tourism scores compared to structurally similar regions. It is, therefore, a promising sector, which is determined by the favorable structure of tourist attractions.
This article explores the reduction of the tax burden as an integral part of the armoury of supply-side, neo-liberal economists and right-wing political parties. Within a labour market perspective, it looks at the role of a tax-cutting philosophy in addressing the issue of high labour costs and low levels of flexibility, while improving the entrepreneurial environment. In a situation in which the linkages between economic growth and employment creation have been becoming weaker, the article argues that such approaches are simplistic and misleading. The replacement of progressive taxation with flat-rated systems has taken place in the Czech Republic despite labour costs, like elsewhere in central and eastern Europe, being lower than the EU average. The result has not been an increase in entrepreneurial activity, while tax cutting, in the context of the reduction of overall wages, has led to a drop in aggregate demand -especially dangerous in a situation of economic recession since it has a knock-on effect on the ability of governments to respond to economic crises.
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