Summary Background Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are secondary plant metabolites with hepatotoxic effect in humans and several animal species. In recent studies, foods such as herbal teas and honey have been found to be contaminated with pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Objectives The aim of this study was to identify and assess pyrrolizidine alkaloids in compound feeds manufactured for horses and containing either alfalfa or a blend of herbs. Methods Forty‐eight feed products for horses were included in the study. The feedstuffs were analysed for 28 selected pyrrolizidine alkaloids by liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry. The concentrations of the individual pyrrolizidine alkaloids were summed to calculate the total pyrrolizidine alkaloid content. Results In 7 of 48 samples, pyrrolizidine alkaloid concentrations were below the limit of quantification of 1–5 μg/kg. The median of 41 out of 48 samples was 58 μg/kg, and the 25 and 75th percentiles were 8 and 151 μg/kg. The highest observed pyrrolizidine alkaloid concentrations, 1306 and 1222 μg/kg, were found in two alfalfa‐based feed products, followed by 836 μg/kg in an herb‐containing feed product. Lycopsamine, seneciphylline, seneciphylline‐N‐oxide, senecionine and senecionine‐N‐oxide were the most frequently detected alkaloids. Main limitations Risk assessment was based on no‐observed‐adverse‐effect‐level for pyrrolizidine alkaloids in rats and humans. The specific susceptibility of horses to pyrrolizidine alkaloids remains unknown. Conclusions According to our risk assessment, pyrrolizidine alkaloid contamination should be limited to <90 μg/kg in equine compound feeds. We showed a high rate of pyrrolizidine alkaloids contamination in feed products for horses. In 43% of the analysed samples, pyrrolizidine alkaloid levels exceeded the calculated maximum tolerable levels. There is a need to introduce measures to reduce pyrrolizidine contamination in equine feedstuffs. The Summary is available in Portuguese – see Supporting Information
Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus (CBPV), a widespread honey bee RNA virus, causes massive worker bee losses, mostly in strong colonies. Two different syndromes, with paralysis, ataxia and flight incapacity on one hand and black hairless individuals with shortened abdomens on the other, can affect a colony simultaneously. This case report presents two Apis mellifera carnica colonies with symptoms of paralysis and hairless black syndrome in 2019. Via RT-PCR, a highly positive result for CBPV was detected in both samples. Further problems, such as a Nosema infection and Varroa infestation, were present in these colonies. Therapy methods were applied to colony 1 comprising queen replacement, shook swarm method and Varroa control, whereas colony 2 was asphyxiated after queen loss and colony weakening. After therapy, colony 1 was wintered without symptoms. Beekeeping and sanitary measures can save a CBPV-infected colony, while further complications result in total colony loss.
Veterinarians are educated in prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases in various vertebrate species. As they are familiar with multifactorial health problems in single animals as well as in herd health management, their knowledge and skills can be beneficial for the beekeepers and honeybee health. However, in education and in practice, honeybees are not a common species for most veterinarians and the typical veterinary diagnostic methods such as blood sampling or auscultation are not applicable to the superorganism honeybee. Honeybee colonies may be affected by various biotic and abiotic factors. Among the infectious agents, RNA-viruses build the largest group, causing covert and overt infections in honeybee colonies which may lead to colony losses. Veterinarians could and should play a more substantial role in managing honeybee health—not limited to cases of notifiable diseases and official hygiene controls. This review discusses the veterinary diagnostic approach to adult bee examination with a special focus on diagnosis and differential diagnosis of the common virus diseases Acute Bee Paralysis Virus (ABPV)-Kashmir Bee Virus (KBV)-Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus (IAPV)-Complex, Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus (CBPV) and Deformed Wing Virus (DWV), as well as coinfections like Varroa spp. and Nosema spp.
ZusammenfassungIm Jahr 2010 kamen für Pferde und landwirtschaftliche Nutztiere drei neue Wirkstoffe auf den deutschen Markt. Dabei handelt es sich um Gamithromycin (Zactran®), ein neues Makrolidantibiotikum, Monepantel (Zolvix®), ein Breitspektrum-Anthelminthikum mit neuartigem Wirkmechanismus, und Pergolid (Prascend®), den ersten für Tiere zugelassenen Dopaminrezeptoragonisten. Zwei Wirkstoffe erhielten eine Erweiterung der Zulassung für andere Tierarten. So wurde das Tetracyclin-Antibiotikum Doxycyclin auch für Puten und das nichtsteroidale Antiphlogistikum Firocoxib aus der Gruppe der Cyclooxygenase-2- (COX-2-)Hemmer auch für Pferde zugelassen. Des Weiteren kamen vier Präparate mit einer interessanten neuen Darreichungsform, ein Arzneimittel mit einer neuen Formulierung und zwei aufgrund anderer Kriterien interessante Präparate für Pferde und landwirtschaftliche Nutztiere auf den Markt.
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