<em>Carica papaya</em> is one kind of herbal plant that can help the wound healing process. Scientifically, the leaves of papaya are proven to have anti-inflammatory effects. Flavonoid, alkaloid, tannin, and saponin compounds in papaya leaves have antimicrobial and antioxidant properties to accelerate the re-epithelization and cell migration needed for wound healing. This research aims to determine the effect of papaya leaf extract gel <em>(Carica </em><em>papaya)</em> on the healing of incision wounds in <em>Ra</em><em>ttus norvegicus</em> based on changes in wound morphology (signs of redness, edema, pus, granulation, moisture, and wound length). This research used female <em>Rattus norvegicus</em> aged 12-16 weeks weighing 180-200 grams, divided into five groups (NaCl 0,9%, povidone-iodine, papaya leaf extract gel with concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 30%). Incision wounds on the back of the rat with a length of 2 cm and depth of 1 cm. The normality test used the Shapiro-Wilk test, and the homogeneity test used the Levene test. The research data were not normally distributed nor homogeneous, so they were analyzed using the Kruskal Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. The results showed that the extract of papaya leaves with concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 30% had significant differences in positive and negative control groups in the wound healing process with the differences in redness (p=0.038), granulation tissue (p=0.039), moistures (0,48), and wound length (p=0,049). It can be concluded that papaya leaf extract gel <em>(Carica papaya)</em> is effective in accelerating the healing process of incision wounds in <em>Rattus norwegicus</em> at concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 30%, so for further research, it is hoped that a histopathological examination can be carried out so that changes that occur in collagen, neutrophile cells, monocytes, and lymphocytes are seen.

Background:The development of children's independence is important for their future competitiveness in the rapidly increasing social changes. Disturbance in the development of children's independence may have a negative future impact in adult life and children become dependent individuals. Efforts are needed to help children develop optimally. Some play groups have been introduced to meet this need in Surakarta, but no studies have been carried out to evaluate its effectiveness. This study aimed to determine the effect of play group on the independence development of preschool children while controlling for the effect of biopsychosocial factors . Subjects and Method:This was an analyticobservational study using case control design.The study was conducted at 3 kindergartens in Surakarta, Central Java, from February to April 2017. A sample of 120 kindergarten pupils were selected for this study by purposive sampling and random sampling. The dependent variable was independence development. The independent variables were play group participation status, parenting style (autoritarian, democratic, and permissive), parental education, and child age. The data were collected by a set of questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis. Results: Maternal education ≥Senior High School (b= 8.77; CI 95%= 1.89 to 15.66; p= 0.012), paternal education ≥Senior High School(b= 9.82; 95%CI = 2.70 to 16.93; p= 0.007), child age ≥5 years old (b= 5.59; 95%CI = 1.50 to 9.68; p= 0.007), participation in play group (b= 9.45; 95%CI = 2.20 to 16.71; p=0.011), and democratic parenting style (b= 0.12; 95%CI = 0.02 to 0.23; p= 0.018) increased child independence. Autoritarian parenting style (b= -0.15; 95%CI = -0.26 to -0.45; p= 0.006) and permissiveparenting style (b= -0.92;95% CI = -0.20 to 0.01; p= 0.092) decreased child independence.Participation in play group was determined by democratic parenting style (b<0.01; 95% CI <0.01 to<0.01; p= 0.039), permissive parenting style (b=0.01; 95% CI -<0.01 to<0.01; p= 0.131), paternal education ≥Senior High School(b= 0.25; 95%CI = 0.10 to 0.40; p= 0.001), and child age ≥5 years old (b= 0.18; 95% CI = 0.09 to 0.28; p<0.001). Conclusion: Maternal education ≥Senior High School, paternal education ≥Senior High School, child age ≥5 years old, participation in play group, and democratic parenting style, positively and directly affect child independence. Autoritarian parenting style and permissiveparenting style negatively and directly affect child independence.

Background: Pregnancy becomes risk period in woman’s life which need to make adjustment in physical and psychological. Improper handling can cause serious problem. Women need to be readiness before entry to next phase become a mother. Objective: To reveal about mental readiness of pregnant women at high-risk pregnancy. Method: This paper was review which supported by literature review from PubMed, Medline and Cinahl database research published journal from 2017-2021 which talk about pregnant women at high-risk during pregnancy and the fetus. Results: 15-20% of pregnancies are high risk; pregnancies are complicated by the presence of a high risk or serious condition that affects the outcome of the mother and the fetuses. Women with high-risk pregnancies had 5.2x greater anxiety than women with low-risk pregnancies. High-risk pregnancies require more intensive or frequent treatments. Mental preparations need to be supported by many supporting system and holistic interventions. Conclusion: High-risk pregnancy and childbirth are two risk factors associated with anxiety during pregnancy. The mental preparation of pregnant women needs to be supported with adequate mental health to minimize adverse outcomes, maintain normal social relationshop and interactions, physical activity, oriented interventions to bring better quality of preparation. Keywords: mental, high-risk pregnancy, childbirth.

An incision wound is the destruction of several cells in the skin area that has experienced an incision. Several factors influencing wound healing are neutrophils as causative agents of inflammation, angiogenesis, and wound closure. These three factors should undergo physiologically to obtain the optimal healing process. Currently, herbal products are preferred because they have lower side effects than synthetic ones. Papaya leaves contain flavonoids with various functions, including wound closure and anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Topical intervention, especially gel, is good for healing because it can keep the wound moist. This research aimed to determine the effect of the administration of papaya leaf gel on wound closure, neutrophil, and angiogenesis. Thirty white rats were used as the model animals in a randomized experimental study divided into five groups comprising negative control (0,9% NaCl), positive control (10% Povidone-iodine), and three intervention groups treated with gel of Carica papaya leaves at a dosage 10%, 20%, and 30%. All groups were topically administered treatment once a day on the dorsal surface for seven days. Carica papaya leaves contain flavonoids, saponin, tannin, and alkaloids qualitatively and 7,734 mg/kg of the flavonoid quantitatively. There were no significant differences in wound size in all three groups on three days, but Carica papaya leave gel had a superior effect compared to 10% PI and 0,9% NaCl in the wound closure process. There were significant differences in all groups in neutrophil and angiogenesis. Nevertheless, 20% papaya leave gel showed the lowest number of neutrophils and had a superior effect on improving the new blood vessels significantly compared to negative and positive groups.

Background: The development of children's independence is important for their future competitiveness in the rapidly increasing social changes. Disturbance in the development of children's independence may have a negative future impact in adult life and children become dependent individuals. Efforts are needed to help children develop optimally. Some play groups have been introduced to meet this need in Surakarta, but no studies have been carried out to evaluate its effectiveness. This study aimed to determine the effect of play group on the independence development of preschool children while controlling for the effect of biopsychosocial factors. Subjects and Method:This was an analytic observational study using case control design. The study was conducted at 3 kindergartens in Surakarta, Central Java, from February to April 2017. A sample of 120 kindergarten pupils were selected for this study by purposive sampling and random sampling. The dependent variable was independence development. The independent variables were play group participation status, parenting style (autoritarian, democratic, and permissive), parental education, and child age. The data were collected by a set of questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis. Results: Maternal education ≥Senior High School (b= 8.77; CI 95%= 1.89 to 15.66; p= 0.012), paternal education ≥Senior High School (b= 9.82; 95% CI= 2.70 to 16.93; p= 0.007), child age ≥5 years old (b= 5.59; 95% CI= 1.50 to 9.68; p= 0.007), participation in play group (b= 9.45; 95% CI= 2.20 to 16.71; p= 0.011), and democratic parenting style (b= 0.12; 95% CI= 0.02 to 0.23; p= 0.018) increased child independence. Autoritarian parenting style (b= -0.15; 95% CI= -0.26 to -0.45; p= 0.006) and permissive parenting style (b= -0.92; 95% CI= -0.20 to 0.01; p= 0.092) decreased child independence. Participation in play group was determined by democratic parenting style (b<0.01; 95% CI <0.01 to <0.01; p= 0.039), permissive parenting style (b= 0.01; 95% CI -<0.01 to <0.01; p= 0.131), paternal education ≥Senior High School (b= 0.25; 95% CI= 0.10 to 0.40; p= 0.001), and child age ≥5 years old (b= 0.18; 95% CI= 0.09 to 0.28; p <0.001). Conclusion: Maternal education ≥Senior High School, paternal education ≥Senior High School, child age ≥5 years old, participation in play group, and democratic parenting style, positively and directly affect child independence. Autoritarian parenting style and permissive parenting style negatively and directly affect child independence.