The middle Ordovician brachiopod faunas of Kazakhstan provide one of the most complete records of the evolution and radiation of some of the oldest known spire‐bearing brachiopods. By contrast with North American faunas, Kazakhstanian atrypide taxa mostly belong to the suborders Atrypidina and Lissatrypidina, whereas the suborder Anazygidina is completely absent. Kazakhstanian species referred previously to ZygospiraKuzgunia are reassigned to Sulcatospira, which appeared in the Caradoc Diplograptus multidensClimacograptus clingani biozones (Sulcatospira? praecursor and Sulcatospira prima sp. nov.). Primitive, and possibly the oldest known Athyridida also appeared in Kazakhstan sometime during the Caradoc (Kellerella misiusi sp. nov.) and became widespread in brachiopod assemblages developed in carbonate mud mounds. Phylogenetic analysis suggests the early divergence of the Anazygidina, Atrypidina and Athyridida, which probably evolved independently from various primitive smooth Lissatrypidina. The new atrypide subfamily Pectenospirinae and two new atrypide genera (Rozmanospira gen. nov. and Pectenospira gen. nov. with P. pectenata sp. nov. as type species) are erected.
Synopsis 13SYNOPSIS. The brachiopod fauna from the Anderken Formation ( Lower to Middle Caradoc) of the Chu-Ili Range, south-eastern Kazakhstan, is revised and described systematically. It consists of 62 species in 55 genera, of which the genera Tesikella, Olgambonites and Zhilgyzambonites (all Plectambonitoidea) and llistrophina (Camarelloidea) are new, and the species Bellimurina
ABSTRACT. Brachiopods from the Otar Member (upper Caradoc) of the Dulankara Formation, Kazakhstan, are revised. Twenty-one species are represented of which the orthoid genus Bokotorthis and strophomenoid genus Karomena are new. New species are Phaceloorthis recondita, Plaesiomys ®delis, Anoptambonites kovalevskii, Karomena squalida and Dzhebaglina plicata. Three ecological associations are identi®ed, the Altaethyrella-Nalivkinia (Pronalivkinia) Association, the Ctenodonta-Sowerbyella Association and the Dinorthis Association, all living in shallow-water (BA2) environments. The fauna shows closest af®nity with South China, but contains two genera only known elsewhere from Australia.
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