SUMMARY -Patients with brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM) have a certain risk to bleed, and the goal of this study was to examine the eff ect of radiological and clinical predictive characteristics of AVM hemorrhage using multidetector computed tomographic (MDCT) angiography. Th e study included a series of 57 patients, mean age 35.46 years, who were diagnosed during their hospitalization at Clinical Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Center of Serbia, in the period from January 2008 to March 2016. In all patients, the diagnosis was made using MDCT angiography. Two groups of patients were observed. Th e fi rst group included patients who did not initially present with hemorrhage, while the second group initially presented with hemorrhage. Both groups were treated with medical therapy or a combination of medical therapy with embolization/surgery/radiotherapy. Deep venous drainage (p<0.05), combined arterial supply from diff erent basins (p<0.05) with a length >60 mm, venous dilatation present in the drainage vein (p<0.01), and the angle of casting supply arteries in the nidus (p<0.01) carry a risk of repeated bleeding. In the group of patients who had initial hemorrhage, the mean value of the casting angle size was 130°, while in the group that did not have initial bleeding the mean value of the measured angle size was 103.81° with standard deviation of 17.21° (p<0.01). In conclusion, AVMs with deep venous drainage from the carotid and vertebrobasilar basin, the length of the feeding arteries >60 mm, the angle of the casting feeding arteries in the nidus ≥130° and dilatation and/or venous aneurysm of drainage vessel are predictive for clinical presenting by hemorrhage.
SUMMARY -Th e use of multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) is an integral part of contemporary diagnostics of Graves' orbitopathy. Th e aim of this study was to assess proptosis measurement by MDCT and to compare it to the current standard, Hertel exophthalmometry. A crosssectional study was conducted at the Clinical Centre of Serbia and included 91 patients (19 male and 72 female) with verifi ed Graves' orbitopathy. Globe protrusion measured by MDCT (globe protrusion, GPR) was correlated to Hertel measured protrusion (HR). Th ere was no constant or any systematic bias between the two methods. GPR signifi cantly correlated with the best-corrected visual acuity, while HR did not. Age, body mass index and duration of the disease did not infl uence proptosis measurement by either method. Proptosis was signifi cantly larger in males. According to our results, GPR compared to HR provides better assessment of the protrusion in Graves' disease. GPR measurement is simple and should always be part of the radiological assessment of orbits in Graves' disease.
This paper discusses the theoretical foundations and definitions of controlling and internal auditing as tools that help the organisation's management in managing business compliance and business continuity, with the purpose of meeting the organisation's objectives, by assessing the effectiveness of risk management inside the organisation, as well as of control and management. Considering the contemporary trends in organisational management, where the management is faced with frequent crises that require rapid and comprehensive action and response to risks, where internal auditing information is focused on the past, there is a need to implement controlling in organisations to provide help to the management for the future. The aim of this paper is to highlight the need to introduce controlling at the Ministry of Defence in order to improve the work of this organisation and to provide strong support in preventing the existing problems and to develop innovative systems of solutions that go beyond mere financial reporting.
Applying internal audit and its mechanisms of internal control systems contributes significantly to business resilience, with the potential to design new strategies to promote business stability and enhance business operations and success. This paper introduces results of a study based on examining the present state and degree of internal auditing on a sample of companies doing business in the Republic of Serbia. In line with the results of the empirical research, it can be concluded that internal audit helps improve business management in companies in the Republic of Serbia. Also, the level of development of internal audit does not correspond to the level of development of this profession observed in countries with highly-developed market economies.
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