Abstract:The Atlantic Coast Restinga is a mosaic of plant communities with a distinct floristic and phytophysiognomy, exposed to luminous, thermal, and saline stresses. Plants of the restinga must have special features commonly associated to xeric environments, and are expected to host a high diversity of galling herbivores. We studied gall morphotypes, and recorded the diversity of galls on plants growing in sand dunes in a remnant area of restinga (Acaraí State Park) in São Francisco do Sul, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. The sampling was done in four plots (250 x 5 m), constituting a total area of 5 000 m², during April, May and June. Plant branches (n ≥ 5) with galls were sampled, identified, and the galls were photographed. The galls were classified into eight morphotypes, associated to eight host plants constituting 15 host plants -galling herbivores systems. The identification of the gall -inducers was based on literature, and on the species-specific feature of this kind of host plant-gall inducers interaction. There was a predominance of leaf galls, green in color. The most common morphotypes were the globoid, lenticular, conical, rosette, marginal, and fusiform galls, similarly to the inventories performed on other Brazilian biomes. Despite the environmental stresses, the xeric features of the dunes of the ASP, and the high local plant diversity, the diversity of galling herbivores were low. Varronia curassavica (Boraginaceae), Smilax campestris (Smilacaceae), and Guapira opposita (Nyctaginaceae) were superhosts of galling herbivores in the dunes, with about 70 % of the total associated parasites. The environmental effect seems to be neutral, either for the host plants or for the generation of gall morphotypes. Alternatively, the scarce nutritional resources could be restrictive for the establishment of the galling herbivores inside plant tissues. Rev. Biol. Trop. 63 (4): 959-970. Epub 2015 December 01.
Calophyllum brasiliense, a Neotropical species, hosts seven galling Cecidomyiidae reported only for Brazil. Our hypothesis is the distribution of the galling insects associated with C. brasiliense is similar to that of the host plant. We checked gall occurrence by field sampling and by searching data in literature and herbaria. Current results indicate that the occurrence of galling Cecidomyiidae associated with C. brasiliense extends to 13 Brazilian states, as well as to 11 countries of Neotropical America.
The restingas are coastal ecosystems over the sandy Quaternary plains. Their vegetation present flora and structure conditioned mainly by edaphic factors. They vary from grasslands, shrub lands up to woody forests. Their environmental conditions, such as water stress and high solar irradiance, may be associated to a high richness of galling. This study aims to identify the insect-plant interactions of the gall type, in a shrub-tree restinga formation at the Acaraí State Park, situated in São Francisco do Sul, Santa Catarina State. The survey was conducted in four plots of 250 x 5 m (5,000 m²) of the PELD/PPBio module, with a sample effort of 32 hours. There were found 56 morphospecies of galls in 31 species of host plants. Lauraceae, Myrtaceae, Melastomataceae, Nyctaginaceae and Calophyllaceae showed the highest number of interactions. Guapira opposita (Nyctaginaceae) and Calophyllum brasiliense (Calophyllaceae) were the major super-hosts. There was a predominance of isolated globoid galls on leaves, induced by Diptera -Cecidomyiidae. Galls on stems were less abundant. The focus of this inventory was restricted to the aerial parts of the plants, which limited the galls records on roots, for which there were records only in adventitious roots of the epiphyte Philodendron surinamense. The richness of galls seems to be proportional to the richness of plant species in this restinga formation. Keywords: Cecidomyiidae; coastal vegetation; plant-insect interaction; super-hosts. RESUMOAs restingas são ecossistemas costeiros que ocupam as planícies quaternárias arenosas. Sua vegetação apresenta flora e estrutura condicionada por fatores edáficos em maior grau. Variam de formações herbáceas, arbustivas, arbustivo-arbóreas a florestas. Suas características ambientais estressantes, como a baixa disponibilidade hídrica e a alta radiação solar, propiciam uma elevada riqueza de insetos galhadores. O objetivo deste estudo foi reconhecer as interações inseto-planta, do tipo galha, na formação arbustivo-arbórea da restinga do Parque Estadual Acaraí, situado em São Francisco do Sul, Santa Catarina. O levantamento foi realizado em quatro parcelas de 250 x 5 m (5.000 m²) do módulo PELD/ PPBio, com esforço amostral de 32 horas. Encontraram-se 56 morfoespécies de galhas em 31 espécies de plantas hospedeiras. As famílias com maior número de interações foram Lauraceae, Myrtaceae, Melastomataceae, Nyctaginaceae e Calophyllaceae. As espécies Guapira opposita (Nyctaginaceae) e Calophyllum brasiliense (Calophyllaceae) foram as principais super-hospedeiras. Houve predominância de galhas globoides isoladas em folhas, induzidas por Diptera -Cecidomyiidae. Galhas em caules foram menos abundantes. O foco do inventário restringiu-se às partes aéreas das plantas, o que limitou o registro de galhas em raízes, sendo registradas apenas em raízes adventícias da epífita Philodendron surinamense. A riqueza de galhas parece ser proporcional à riqueza de espécies vegetais nessa formação de restinga. Palavras-chave: Cecidomyiidae; interação inseto-...
RESUMOEste estudo objetivou conhecer a flora e a estrutura de áreas remanescentes da floresta atlântica inseridas na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Cachoeira, município de Joinville, Santa Catarina. Selecionaram-se os cinco maiores fragmentos florestais em extensão localizados na área urbana do município, além do canal do rio principal da bacia, para o levantamento da flora aquática. As coletas foram realizadas mensalmente em todas as áreas amostrais. A organização sistemática da flora adotou o sistema APG IV. Amostrou-se um total de 381 espécies distribuídas em 226 gêneros e 89 famílias. As famílias mais ricas foram: Myrtaceae (35), Fabaceae (29), Rubiaceae (22), Bromeliaceae (20), Asteraceae (17), Lauraceae (16), Poaceae (14), Cyperaceae (13), Sapindaceae (11) e Araceae (10). As cinco espécies de maior valor de importância foram Euterpe edulis, Alchornea triplinervia, Psychotria nuda, Hyeronima alchorneoides e Ficus gomelleira. Os fragmentos apresentaram elevado índice de diversidade e baixa similaridade entre si. Aproximadamente 50% dos indivíduos compuseram classes de altura e diamétrica inferiores. Os fragmentos estão, em sua maioria, em estádio sucessional médio de regeneração natural. Os resultados indicam a importância desses fragmentos como áreas relictuais para a conservação da diversidade da floresta atlântica em áreas urbanas. Palavras-chave: composição florística; fitossociologia; fragmentos urbanos; mata atlântica; sucessão ecológica. ABSTRACTThis study aimed investigate the floristic diversity and the structure of the remaining Atlantic Forest areas in the Cachoeira River Basin, Joinville, Santa Catarina. The five largest forest fragments in extension were located in the urban area of municipality, as well as the channel of the main river of the basin to survey the aquatic flora. The collections were performed monthly in all sample areas. The systematic organization adopted the APG IV system. 381 species were sampled in 226 genera and 89 families. The most representative botanical families were Myrtaceae (35), Fabaceae (29), Rubiaceae (22), Bromeliaceae (20), Asteraceae (17), Lauraceae (16), Poaceae (14), Cyperaceae (13), Sapindaceae (11) and Araceae (10). The five species of biggest importance value was Euterpe edulis, Alchornea triplinervia, Psychotria nuda, Hyeronima alchorneoides and Ficus gomelleira. The fragments presented high diversity index and low similarity. Approximately 50% of individuals composed lower height and diametric classes. The fragments are mostly in the intermediate successional stage of natural regeneration. The results indicate the importance of these fragments as relict areas for the conservation of the diversity of the Atlantic Forest in urban areas.
The complexity of nutrient distribution patterns in soils is a determinant environmental component of the structure of plant communities. Numerous insect species that interact with plants are associated with these communities, and some of these interactions result in the formation of unusual structures called galls. In this study, we investigated the relationship of galls, soil fertility and plant communities in three vegetation types, herbaceous restinga (HR), shrub restinga (SR) and shrub-tree restinga (STR), in an area of restinga in southern Brazil. We identified 217 species belonging to 159 genera and 82 families. The plant diversity recorded in the STR was 42.8% higher than the diversity in the other vegetation types. Gall richness increased significantly with increased plant richness. The edaphic gradient was correlated with the floristic diversity in the vegetation types. Our data suggest that an increment in soil fertility (organic matter and litter thickness), associated with climatic conditions, should increase the number of plants that can potentially host galls and, consequently, the richness of galling insects. Gall richness may also be influenced by a higher occurrence of woody plants, due to an increase in leaf surface area available in the tree canopy, especially in STR.
RESUMOO presente estudo descreve e ilustra a anatomia da madeira de Schwartzia brasiliensis (Marcgraviaceae), com base em material procedente da restinga de São Francisco do Sul, Santa Catarina, Brasil. Os caracteres anatômicos de destaque são: camadas de crescimento distintas, porosidade difusa, pontoações intervasculares alternas, fibras septadas, parênquima axial apotraqueal e paratraqueal, raios extremamente altos e heterogêneos, e inclusões minerais em células do raio e do parênquima axial. Palavras-chave: anatomia do lenho, Marcgraviaceae, Schwartzia brasiliensis. ABSTRACT [Wood anatomy of Schwartzia brasiliensis (Choisy) Bedell ex Gir-Cañas (Marcgraviaceae)].This study describes and illustrates the anatomy of the wood of Schwartzia brasiliensis (Marcgraviaceae), based on material from a sandbank in São Francisco do Sul, Santa Catarina, Brazil. The highlight of anatomical characters are: distinct growth rings, diffuse porosity, alternate intervessel pits, septated fibers, apotracheal and paratracheal axial parenchyma, extremely high and heterogeneous rays and mineral inclusions in ray cells and axial parenchyma cells.
RESUMOO presente estudo descreve e ilustra a anatomia do lenho de Ternstroemia brasiliensis (Pentaphylacaceae) a partir de coletas realizadas em ambiente de restinga no estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Os caracteres anatômicos mais representativos são: vasos de pequeno diâmetro e elevada frequência, espessamentos espiralados presentes em elementos de vaso, traqueídes vasicêntricos, placas de perfuração escalariformes, parênquima axial apotraqueal difuso e raios heterogêneos extremamente altos. A conjunção destes caracteres indica primitividade ao lenho desta espécie. Palavras-chave: anatomia do lenho, Pentaphylacaceae, Ternstroemia brasiliensis. ABSTRACT [Wood anatomy of Ternstroemia brasiliensis Cambess. (Pentaphylacaceae)].This study describe and illustrate the wood anatomy of Ternstroemia brasiliensis (Pentaphylacaceae) from samples collected in a sandbank environment in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The most representative anatomical features are: small vessel diameter and high vessel frequency, helical thickenings in vessel elements, vasicentric tracheids present, scalariform perforation plates, apotracheal diffuse axial parenchyma and extremely high heterogeneous rays. The conjunction of these features indicates a high primitiveness to this wood species.
Galhas são estruturas cujo desenvolvimento envolve hipertrofia celular e hiperplasia no órgão vegetal onde são induzidas. Esta indução se dá, principalmente, por insetos que, têm como resultado dessa interação, abrigo e fonte de recursos alimentares que lhes garantem completar em parte ou em sua totalidade o seu ciclo de vida. Como se trata de uma interação espécie-específica, os morfotipos de galhas representam a diversidade de organismos galhadores. O presente estudo objetivou compilar o conhecimento produzido sobre esse tema na área de abrangência do ecossistema Babitonga. São registradas 86 morfoespécies de galhas associadas à flora das formações de restinga da baía. A alta riqueza específica de organismos galhadores parece estar relacionada à maior riqueza de plantas nas comunidades de restinga. O conhecimento sobre este grupo ainda é escasso devido à dificuldade de obtenção de espécimes e estima-se que apenas 50% dos organismos galhadores tenha sido descrito. Os resultados sugerem a necessidade de se ampliar os investimentos para subsidiar pesquisas sobre a biologia de galhadores que fazem do ecossistema Babitonga uma importante área para a conservação da biodiversidade.
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