Introduction Although ART has improved the outcome of people living with HIV/AIDS, still some patients develop TB while receiving ART. The literature on the magnitude of this problem is still scarce in our setting especially northwestern Tanzania. This study was designed to determine the prevalence of active TB among HIV patients on ART and assess its potential risk factors. Methods A retrospective cohort study was done among adult HIV-positive patients initiated on ART at Bugando Medical Centre. Patients who were TB positive before ART initiation were excluded. Data regarding demographic, clinical, and laboratory information, TB status on receipt of ART, and time on ART were collected and analyzed using STATA 11 to determine the prevalence of TB and its associated factors. Results In total, 391 patients were enrolled in this study. The median age was 39 (32–46) years, and a total of 129 (32.99%) participants had CD4 counts <200 cells/µl and 179 (45.78%) had WHO stage 3 and 4 illnesses. A total of 43 (11.0%) participants developed TB while receiving ART which was independently associated with male gender (OR = 2.9; p=0.007), WHO clinical stage 3 and 4 (OR = 1.4; p=0.029), baseline CD4 count <200 cells/µl (OR = 9.1; p < 0.001), and having not used IPT (OR = 3.1; p=0.05). Conclusions Active TB is prevalent among HIV patients while receiving ART in northwestern Tanzania which is independently associated with male gender, advanced HIV disease, and nonuse of IPT. Universal HIV testing could reduce late HIV diagnosis and hence reduce the risk of developing TB while receiving ART in our setting. Also IPT should be widely used for those who are negative for TB on screening.

Introduction HIV still causes high mortality despite use of ART. This study was designed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of mortality among HIV patients receiving ART in northwestern rural Tanzania. Methods A retrospective study of HIV patients on ART was done at Sengerema in Mwanza, Tanzania. The data on demography, date of HIV diagnosis, WHO stage, opportunistic infections, CD4, hemoglobin, ART regimen, and time and outcome on treatment as dead or alive were collected and analyzed using STATA version 11. Results In total, 740 patients were studied. The median age was 35 (27–42) years with female predominance of 465 (62.8%). Of the participants, 261 (35.3%) had WHO stages 3 and 4 diseases. Most participants, 258 (34.9%), had baseline CD4 counts <200 cells/μl. Deaths occurred in 86 (11.6%) patients which were independently associated with male gender (16.0% versus 9.0%, p = 0.015), being divorced (OR = 2.7, p < 0.001), WHO stages 3 and 4 (OR = 2.3, p = 0.05), CD4 <200 cells/μl (OR = 3.4, p < 0.001), and severe anemia (OR = 6.6, p < 0.001). Conclusions The mortality is high among HIV patients receiving ART in northwestern rural Tanzania. Universal testing could increase early diagnosis and treatment. A close follow-up of at-risk patients within the first year of ART could reduce the mortality of this subgroup of patients.

Introduction Smear positive TB carries high morbidity and mortality. The TB treatment aims at sputum conversion by two months of antituberculous. Patients who delay sputum conversion remain potentially infectious, with risk of treatment failure, drug resistance, and mortality. Little is known about the magnitude of this problem in our setting. This study was designed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of delayed sputum conversion in northwestern rural part of Tanzania. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study involving smear positive TB patients at Sengerema DDH in 2015. Demographic data, HIV status, and sputum results at TB diagnosis and on TB treatment were collected and analyzed using STATA 11. Results In total, 156 patients were studied. Males were 97 (62%); the median age was 39 [30–51] years. Fifty-five (35.3%) patients were HIV coinfected and 13 (8.3%) patients had delayed sputum conversion which was strongly associated with male gender (OR = 8.2, p = 0.046), age >50 years (OR = 6.7, p = 0.003), and AFB 3+ (OR = 8.1, p = 0.008). Conclusions Delayed sputum conversion is prevalent in this study. These patients can potentially fail on treatment, develop drug resistance, and continue spreading TB. Strategies to reduce the rate of delayed sputum conversion could also reduce these potential unfavorable outcomes.

Background Prostatic carcinoma carries a high morbidity and mortality if it is not diagnosed early. In resource limited countries, patients are at increased risk of being diagnosed late as they are operated for presumed benign prostatic hyperplasia. The information on the magnitude and risk factors of this problem in our setting could assist in the overall optimization of care of patients at risk. Methods A retrospective study of patients who underwent prostatectomy for presumed benign prostatic enlargement was done at Bugando University Hspital in Tanzania. Patients' age, creatinine levels, urological Ultrasound, prostate specific antigen and Biopsy results were analyzed using STATA 11. The prevalence of incidental prostatic cancer was calculated and logistic regression was done for factors associated with incidental prostatic cancer. Results In total, 152 patients were included in this study. The median age was 69 (SD 9.4) years, 16 (10.53%,) and 49 (32.24%) participants had Hydronephrosis and elevated creatinine levels respectively. Eighty six (58.56%) patients had PSA >10 ng/mL and in total; 33 (21.71%) had incidental prostatic carcinoma. The incidental prostatic carcinoma was independently associated with age of 70– 80years (AOR=2.8, p = 0.013) and PSA levels >10ng/mL (AOR=3.2, p=0.014). Conclusions The prevalence of incidental prostatic carcinoma is high among patients undergoing transurethral prostatectomy for presumed benign prostatic hyperplasia in Tanzania with increased risk at age of 70–80 years and among those with PSA >10ng/mL. A national awareness campaign coupled with focused screening of patients above 60 years could increase the detection rate of prostatic carcinoma and reduce the magnitude of incidental diagnosis of this disease.