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Glossary of terms relating to pesticides (IUPAC Recommendations 2006)Abstract: The glossary contains definitions of more than 500 terms frequently used in relation to the chemistry, mode of action, regulation, and use of pesticides. A wide range of disciplines is involved in this field, and the glossary was developed as a step in facilitating communication among researchers, government regulatory authorities, and chemists in associated professional areas. The range of terms relates to pesticide residue analysis, sampling for analysis, good laboratory practice, metabolism, environmental fate, effects on ecosystems, computer simulation models, toxicology, and risk assessment. The number of important, "pesticide-related" terms has more than doubled since 1996, when the first IUPAC glossary of this type was developed [1], an indication of how this field has become so integrated with many other scientific and regulatory disciplines.
The interaction of selected fungicides, herbicides, and N-fertilizers with microorganisms in cranberry soils and their effects on the degradation of [phenyl-uC] parathion were investigated. Soil microorganisms were responsible for the oxidative as well as reductive degradation of the insecticide. Incubation of soils with parathion or p-nitrophenol for 4 days followed by the addition of [14C] parathion resulted after 24
An international interlaboratory study was conducted to determine the performance of a group of laboratories from developing and developed countries. The study used a commercial microwell ELISA on unknown samples spiked with different levels of DDT. The study design was based on Youden pairs and balanced replicates. Two soils, differing in particle size distributions, organic matter content, and cation-exchange capacities and thought to be DDT-free, were spiked at 5 DDT levels between 0.025 and 2 mg/kg. Nineteen laboratories in 17 countries took part in the collaborative trial; of these, the majority were modestly equipped laboratories in developing countries. Samples were analyzed without filtration or cleanup and using standards of pure DDT in methanol. Data were analyzed for repeatability and reproducibility, and average recoveries at the spike levels were calculated. Mean real recoveries for both soils were similar (103% for soil A and 100% for soil B), with values between 0.1 and 2 mg/kg DDT. Precision estimates were best in the linear working range of the assay (0.1–0.5 mg/kg DDT), with reproducibility relative standard deviations (RSDR) typically averaging about 38 and 46% near the upper and lower detection limits, respectively. Corresponding repeatability relative standard deviation (RSDr) values were 20–36% and 36–57%. Thus, even though much of the trial was performed under developing country conditions, performance statistics were similar to other reported results obtained with ELISAs on small molecules of agricultural importance, such as mycotoxins and pesticide and antibiotic residues.
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