Twenty-six compounds have been identified from fresh orange airborne volatiles, the most abundant being limonene and alloaromadendrene. Ethyl- and butylhexanoates were found in middle concentrations, whereas the other compounds occur at low levels. Electroantennograms recorded fromCeratitis capitata Wied. (males and females) revealed limonene. butyl hexanoate, dihydrocarvone, and limonene oxide to be most active. In the case of dihydrocarvone, 4-ethyl acetophenone, and carvone, female antennae give greater responses than antennae of males. Limonene oxide was more active for males than females. Total airborne volatiles recovered from oranges elicited high EAGs, with females being more sensitive than males.
Three permethoxylated flavones, dehydroabietic acid and linoleil monoglyceride were isolated from the nonvolatile residue of orange essential oil. All of them exhibited antifungal activity against phytopathogenic species and food contaminants. The isolated hexa- and heptamethoxy flavones exhibited important fungicidal activity against Geotrichum candidum, which is not inhibited by the commercial broadspectrum fungicide Benomyl (methyl-1-[butylcarbamoyl]-2-benzimidazolecarbamate); in addition, these compounds also exhibited effective antioxidant activities, similar to that shown by tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisol, one of the most commonly used synthetic antioxidants; α-tocopherol, the most widely used natural antioxidant, was also isolated.
The pharmacological effect of the dichloromethanol extract of Inula crithrnoides L. was analysed in in uitro and in uiuo models. The extract dose-dependently decreased arterial blood pressure and furthermore it showed low acute toxicity, CNS depressor activity and analgesic and antiinflammatory effects. Preincubation of the guineapig ileum and rat duodenum (100 pg/mL) produced a significant reduction in the contractile effects of histamine and acetylcholine and a concentration-related inhibition of the effects of serotonin. Following further fractionation the methylene chloride/acetone (50150) fraction caused a significant decrease in motor activity and significantly reduced the threshold of pain chemical stimulus.
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