The article deals with the geoecological problems of small rivers of the Volga and Dnieper basins in the Kaluga region. The analysis of water resources of the Kaluga region is given. It is shown that intensive use of river runoff, transformation of natural landscapes, agromelioration and urbanization, anthropogenic and technogenic load have led to a violation of the hydrological regime of small rivers. This led to a change in the intra-annual distribution of runoff on the territory of the Kaluga Region and neighboring regions, stimulated the progressive process of shallowing and disappearance of small rivers as a result of violation of natural flow-forming complexes. Heavy damage to small rivers, which are very sensitive to pollution, is caused by storm drains, which are often comparable to urban sewage
Using a theoretical model and mass isotopic balance, biogas (methane and CO(2)) released from buried products at their microbial degradation was analysed in the landfill of municipal and non-toxic industrial solid organic waste near Kaluga city, Russia. The landfill contains about 1.34 x 10(6) tons of waste buried using a 'sandwich technique' (successive application of sand-clay and waste layers). The delta(13)C values of biogenic methane with respect to CO(2) were-56.8 (+/-2.5) per thousand, whereas the delta(13)C of CO(2) peaked at+9.12 per thousand (+1.4+/-2.3 per thousand on average), reflecting a virtual fractionation of carbon isotopes in the course of bacterial CO(2) reduction at the landfill body. After passing through the aerated soil layers, methane was partially oxidised and characterised by delta(13)C in the range of-50.6 to-38.2 per thousand, evidencing enrichment in (13)C, while the released carbon dioxide had delta(13)C of-23.3 to-4.04 per thousand, respectively. On the mass isotopic balance for the delta(13)C values, the methane production in the landfill anaerobic zone and the methane emitted through the aerated landfill surface to the atmosphere, the portion of methane oxidised by methanotrophic bacteria was calculated to be from 10 to 40% (averaged about 25%). According to the theoretical estimation and field measurements, the annual rate of methane production in the landfill reached about 2.9(+/-1.4)x10(9) g C CH(4) yr(-1) or 5.3(+/-2.6)x10(6) m(3) CH(4) yr(-1). The average rates of methane production in the landfill and methane emission from landfill to the atmosphere are estimated as about 53 (+/-26) g C CH(4) m(-2) d(-1) (or 4 (+/-2) mol CH(4) m(-2) d(-1)) and 33 (+/-12) g C CH(4) m(-2) d(-1) (or 2.7 (+/-1) mol CH(4) m(-2) d(-1)), respectively. The calculated part of methane consumed by methanotrophic bacteria in the aerated part of the landfill was 13(+/-7) g C CH(4) m(-2) d(-1) (or 1.1(+/-0.6) mol CH(4) m(-2) d(-1)) on average.
The aim of the study is to assess the scale of parasitic and microbial soil contamination in residential areas of the city of Kaluga (Russia), including playgrounds and kindergarten areas. The research method involved identifying Toxocara eggs and microorganisms in sandpits, lawns, and boulevards. Investigated 210 samples of soil and sand in different areas of the city. It was found that the soil pollution of boulevards with Toxocara eggs is 4.9 times higher than that of sandpits and 1.9 times higher than that of lawns. Molds of the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Mucor, Fusarium, Cladosporium, Candida, Alternaria, and Rhizopus were sown most often from the soils of lawns and boulevards. The bacterial microbiota is represented by Clostridium, Enterococcus, Enterobacteriaceae, Salmonella and Micrococcus. The average number of microorganisms isolated from soil and sand samples varied in the range from 1.5 to 3.0 million CFU in 1 g. To quantitatively estimate the population of domestic animals, a sociological survey was conducted annually for 20 years. A total of 4,700 people over the age of 16 were interviewed.
1 ФГБНУ ВНИИ радиологии и агроэкологии, Обнинск; 2 ФГБОУ ВПО Калужский государственный университет им. К.Э. Циолковского, Калуга; 3 ФГБУН Институт ядерной физики им. Г.И. Будкера Сибирского отделения РАН, Новосибирск Ранее показано, что холодная стерилизация рыбных пресервов на -установке с мощностью дозы 1,5 Гр/с максимально эффективна при дозе 6 кГр и не нарушает качества продукции. Однако неизвестно, как увеличение мощности дозы в 100 и более раз может повлиять на ве-личину оптимальной антибактериальной дозы и качественные показатели продукта. В связи с этим цель работы -исследование эффективности холодной стерилизации рыбных пресер-вов электронным излучением с разными дозиметрическими параметрами. В исследовании использованы рыбные пресервы, которые облучали на импульсном электронном ускорителе с энергией электронов 5 МэВ в диапазоне доз от 1,5 до 6,0 кГр. Контролем была необлучён-ная продукция. В контрольных образцах общее количество мезофильных аэробных и фа-культативно анаэробных микроорганизмов и дрожжей на 15 сутки после изготовления было в 100 и 1,5 раза соответственно выше норматива, что сопровождалось преждевременным на-рушением органолептических показателей. Напротив, все показатели облучённой продукции соответствовали норме. Максимальный антибактериальный эффект отмечали при дозе 6 кГр. Во время хранения облучённой продукции процессы порчи не развивались. На основа-нии выполненных исследований сделано заключение, что использование электронного уско-рителя для холодной стерилизации рыбных пресервов в дозах от 3 до 6 кГр не нарушает ка-чества продукции, гарантирует микробиологическую безопасность и продлевает сроки хра-нения.
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