Pemerataan perkembangan pembangunan sebagai upaya merealisasikan amanah pembukaan UU 1945 dalam konteks pembangunan nasional. Indikator suksesnya pembangunan didasari model perkembangan pembangunan untuk mengatasi permasalahan yang terjadi pada kesenjangan sosial akibat pengembangan pembangunan yang tidak tepat sasaran. Penelitian ini memberikan titik fokus sebagai bentuk alternatif dari paradigma terhadap model-model pembangunan didaerah sebagai bentuk kontribusi pembangunan nasional. Peneliti melakukan eksplorasi terhadap model-model pembangunan pada teori-teori terdahulu dengan pendekatan studi kepustakaan yang relevan mengunakan teknik analisis data yaitu analisis kepustakaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwasanya ada 4 (empat) fokus alternatif sebagai konstribusi pembangunan nasional pada pengembangan model pembangunan. Pertama, model pembangunan nasional berorientasi pertumbuhan yang mengarah kepada peningkatan perekonomian masyarakat melalui pengembangan sumber daya manusia. Kedua, model pembangunan kebutuhan dasar yang berfokus kepada kebutuhan pokok sehari-hari masyarakat sebagai bentuk pengetasan kemiskinan serta karakteristik yang harus diterapkan dalam model pembangunan kebutuhan dasar. Ketiga model pembangunan berbasis masyakarat yang artinya pengawasan oleh masyarakat serta proses pembangunan dikehidupan masyarakat yang ada dilingkungannya yang mana setiap individu manusia dan kelompok harus meningkatkan kualitas dalam proses pembangunan.  Model terakhir, atau keempat yaitu model pembangunan kedaerahan yang bertujuan untuk merealisasikan program bersifat otonomi daerah yang berkaitan dengan hak serta kewenangan daerah sesuai kebutuhannya. Kata Kunci : Paradigma, Pembangunan Nasional, Model Pembangunan, Indonesia

The village government has an substantial responsibility in managing human resources to produce regional economic benefits. This research aims to identify the stakeholder collaboration to support accountability in village fund management and rural development.  This study used an interactive approach with data collection methods such as structured interviews, documentation, and observation. The object of the study is village officials in Pranggang Village, Plosoklaten District, Kediri Regency, East Java Province. The results of the study showed that the village government has not optimally carried out its role in involving more stakeholders.  Collaborative stakeholders in managing village funds involved village government officials, activity management team and community.   They play a positive role in bringing about village accountability in managing village funds. An increased community participation contribute to program evaluation activities and effectiveness in the village financial management. The accountability of the village funds utilization has met the Home Affairs Ministerial Regulation number 113 of 2014. In addition, social accountability has been applied in various forms of effective interactions between the community and village government. Much efforts are required to improve the quality of human resources through more stakeholder engagement, training activity and  community empowerment.   JEL Classification: H72; H83; O20

This research aims at creating a concept of cooperation between stakeholders in developing eco-tourism in Batu City. Eco-tourism and the role of stakeholders are related to one another. It is due to the urge of stakeholders to work together in managing the potential of eco-tourism to achieve a development goal. This study applies the Penta-helix model and triple-bottom-line theories to investigate the contribution of stakeholders to sustainable development. The Penta-helix model is used to identify relevant stakeholders and conduct effective collaboration. At the same time, the triple-bottom-line is applied to observe the environmental and socio-economic aspects of the eco-tourism sector. This study employs a qualitative method with an interactive approach from Miles, Huberman, and Saldana by deepening literary understanding; and field interviews. The results of this study show that cooperation and interaction between stakeholders in developing eco-tourism are inferior. Thus, the researchers develop a stakeholder collaboration model through the Penta-helix model covering the government, private eco-tourism enterprises, communities, academics, and the media. They collaborate in determining the sustainability agendas covering environmental, economic, and social as a reflection of the triple bottom line element. Those designed agendas are to encourage the realization of eco-tourism development in Batu City, Indonesia. The research recommends further research to evaluate whether this eco-tourism development model can be effective if implemented. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menciptakan konsep kerjasama antar stakeholder dalam pengembangan ekowisata di Kota Batu. Karena ekowisata dan peran pemangku kepentingan berkaitan satu sama lain. Hal ini dikarenakan adanya dorongan dari para pemangku kepentingan untuk bekerja sama dalam mengelola potensi ekowisata untuk mencapai tujuan pembangunan. Studi ini menerapkan model penta helix dan teori triple bottom line untuk menyelidiki kontribusi pemangku kepentingan terhadap pembangunan berkelanjutan. Model Penta helix digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi pemangku kepentingan yang relevan dan untuk melakukan kolaborasi yang efektif, sedangkan triple bottom line diterapkan untuk mengamati aspek lingkungan dan sosial ekonomi dari sektor ekowisata. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan interaktif dari Miles, Huberman, dan Saldana dengan pendalaman pemahaman literatur; dan wawancara lapangan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kerjasama dan interaksi antar pemangku kepentingan dalam pengembangan ekowisata masih rendah. Oleh karena itu, peneliti mengembangkan model kolaborasi pemangku kepentingan melalui model Penta helix yang mencakup pemerintah, swasta, komunitas, akademisi, dan media. Mereka berkolaborasi dalam menentukan agenda keberlanjutan yang meliputi lingkungan, ekonomi, dan sosial sebagai cerminan dari elemen triple bottom line. Agenda yang dirancang tersebut adalah untuk mendorong terwujudnya pembangunan ekowisata di Kota Batu, Indonesia. Peneliti merekomendasi pada penelitian selanjutnya untuk mengevaluasi apakah model pembangunan ekowisata ini dapat efektif jika diimplemetasikan.

Tourism governance will have an impact on the environment, which is controlled by local governments. The development of the tourism sector is essential to improve the welfare of the community and the regional economy. Strengthening the role of local government as a leading tourism sector in the region is considered to be able to encourage the creation of a collaboration between industries (actors) to manage sustainable local tourism. This paper was written to find out how far the role of local government is and how relations between sectors (actors) are in managing sustainable regional tourism. This study uses a literature study approach, with documentation data collection techniques derived from the study of several reputable journals, books, and other secondary sources that are relevant to this research. The data analysis technique is content analysis. In tourism management, the role is not only done by one party but all supporting aspects and involved in the framework of creating orchestration and ensuring the quality of activities, facilities, services, and to create experiences and value of tourism benefits to provide benefits to the community and the environment. These will be able to encourage the tourism system through the optimization of roles and collaboration between business, government, society, academics, and media.

Collaborative governance is acknowledged to provide problem-solving alternatives that are superior to those generated solely by government organizations. It involves various related stakeholders, especially those related to tourism. The integrative processes provide a direct face-to-face alternative by assimilating various items of information, thus resulting in comprehensive and compromised strategic planning. This study aims to understand success stories in collaborative tourism governance and the lessons resulting from obstacles encountered in various contexts, including local, regional, and national. It employs a systematic literature review of 29 related articles published during 2010 to 2021, drawn from various sources, and conducts a bibliometric study to map research trends. The findings indicate that compared with a national context, local and regional contexts tend to have more complex and comprehensive results as more stakeholders are involved in the action scheme. The findings in the national context indicate that only two of the related articles examined in this study explain collaborative tourism governance. Furthermore, comprehensive results are elaborated within those two papers.