Ruthenium (Ru) and ruthenium oxide (RuO 2 ) thin films were grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD) using a novel zerovalent (1,5-hexadiene)(1-isopropyl-4-methylbenzene)Ru complex and O 2 as the Ru precursor and oxidant, respectively. The self-limiting growth mode for the Ru and RuO 2 ALD processes was achieved while varying the Ru precursor and O 2 feeding time. Metallic Ru films were deposited at growth temperatures of 230−350°C, while the temperature window for the growth of the RuO 2 film was limited to <230°C. At 270°C, the growth per cycle (GPC) of Ru ALD was 0.076 nm/cycle, and the incubation times of Ru on SiO 2 and TiN substrates were considerably short (3 cycles on SiO 2 , negligible on TiN) compared to that of Ru ALD from a high-valent Ru precursor and O 2 . The resistivity of the Ru film was as low as 29−36 μΩ·cm at growth temperatures of 270−350°C. On the other hand, the RuO 2 film was grown at a low temperature of 200°C and showed a GPC of 0.15 nm/cycle with a resistivity of ∼270 μΩ·cm. In situ quadruple mass spectrometry analysis of the CO 2 byproduct revealed that the amount of subsurface oxygen extracted during the Ru pulse half-cycle affected the resultant film phase, either Ru or RuO 2 , which was strongly influenced by the growth temperature. ■ INTRODUCTIONThe growth of nanoscale ruthenium (Ru) and ruthenium oxide (RuO 2 ) thin films has been spotlighted due to their promising characteristics such as low resistivity (Ru ∼7 μΩ·cm, RuO 2 ∼30 μΩ·cm), excellent chemical and thermal stabilities, high work functions (Ru ∼4.7 eV, RuO 2 ∼5.1 eV), and catalytic functionality. 1−15 These properties have enabled Ru-based thin films to be employed for energy device applications as a catalyst, in microelectronics as an electrode for dynamic random access memory (DRAM) capacitors, and as a seed layer for Cu electroplating. 2−7 Although a variety of deposition techniques for fabricating Ru and RuO 2 thin films have been used such as sputtering, pulse laser deposition, and chemical vapor deposition, atomic layer deposition (ALD) is the most appropriate method to grow uniform and conformal film over a 3-dimensional substrate with very precise composition/thickness controllability in nanotechnology applications. For Ru ALD, meanwhile, the choice of the Ru precursor is very important because not only the growth characteristics but also the film properties are highly affected by the Ru precursor used. For example, Ru(thd) 3 (thd = 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate), Ru-(Cp) 2 (Cp = cyclopentadienyl), Ru(EtCp) 2 (EtCp = ethylcyclopentadienyl), and 2,4-(dimethylpentadienyl)-(ethylcyclopentadienyl)Ru are the most widely utilized Ru precursors in conjunction with O 2 as an oxidant. 8−12 Ru ALD using these precursors, however, showed extremely retarded nucleation and consequently resulted in long incubation cycles (e.g., >300 cycles on SiO 2 and 500 cycles on TiN when Ru(thd) 3 and O 2 were employed) at temperatures of 275−400°C . This poor nucleation behavior hinders the practical use of the Ru precursors listed ...
As a breakwater gradually becomes obsolete, it becomes vulnerable to loss of its original functions and finally occurs corruption due to cavitation, scours inside, etc. The mortar grouting method, which has been in general applied in many cases, would invoke serious issues such as coastal environmental pollutions because of spilled-out cement before curing on the near sea. Thus, the sand mastic that utilizes the mastic asphalt becomes focused on as a substitute. However, the related study is hard to find in the domestic literature. In this study, therefore, the workability of sand mastic when filling up the cavitation inside a breakwater was evaluated with a 3-D numerical model, FLOW-3D. It was intended to propose the workability index (WI) of sand mastic based on the diffusion diameter. It has been shown that the temperature and the composition ratio of the asphalt are the most significant parameters on the rheologic characteristics of the sand mastic. As a result, it is recommended that the asphalt composition above 16% and the initial temperature above 150℃ when applying with a breakwater with inside cavitation.
As a breakwater gradually becomes obsolete, it becomes vulnerable to loss of its original functions and finally occurs corruption due to cavitation, scours inside, etc. The mortar grouting method, which has been in general applied in many cases, would invoke serious issues such as coastal environmental pollutions because of spilled-out cement before curing on the near sea. Thus, the sand mastic that utilizes the mastic asphalt becomes focused on as a substitute. However, the related study is hard to find in the domestic literature. In this study, therefore, the workability of sand mastic when filling up the cavitation inside a breakwater was evaluated with a 3-D numerical model, FLOW-3D software. It was intended to propose the workability index (WI) of sand mastic based on the diffusion diameter. It has been shown that the temperature and the fractions of the asphalt are the most significant parameters on the rheologic characteristics of the sand mastic. As a result, it is recommended that the asphalt mixture above 16% and the initial temperature above 150℃ when applying with a breakwater with inside cavitation.
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