This study aimed to evaluate the hangover relieving effect of ginseng berry kombucha (GBK) fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Gluconobacter oxydans in in vitro and in vivo models. The antioxidant activity and oxidative stress inhibitory effect of GBK were evaluated in ethanol-treated human liver HepG2 cells. In addition, biochemical and behavioral analyses of ethanol treated male ICR mice were performed to confirm the anti-hangover effect of GBK. The radical scavenging activity of GBK was increased by fermentation, and the total ginsenoside content of GBK was 70.24 μg/mL. In HepG2 cells, in which oxidative stress was induced using ethanol, GBK significantly increased the expression of antioxidant enzymes by upregulating the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway. Moreover, GBK (15 and 30 mg/kg) significantly reduced blood ethanol and acetaldehyde concentrations in ethanol-treated mice. GBK significantly increased the levels of alcohol-metabolizing enzymes, including alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase. The balance beam test and elevated plus maze test revealed that high-dose GBK significantly ameliorated ethanol-induced behavioral changes. Collectively, GBK exerted a protective effect against ethanol-induced liver damage by regulating the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway.
The development of efficient biomarkers and probes for monitoring and treating cancer, specifically metastatic cancer, is a critical research area that can have a significant impact on both patient outcomes and drug discovery. In this context, TiNIR has been developed to detect tumor-initiating cells (TICs), with heme oxygenase 2 (HO2) as a promising therapeutic biomarker for tumor-initiating cells. In this study, TiNIR has demonstrated its effectiveness as an in vivo metastatic lung cancer tracker, highlighting its potential as a valuable tool in cancer research and therapy. The development of innovative approaches that selectively target metastatic cancers represents a promising avenue for improving survival rates and enhancing the quality of life of cancer patients.
Introduction Golimumab is a human monoclonal antibody that inhibits tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Inhibition of TNF-α by golimumab inhibits the inflammatory response, thereby modulating the immune response in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Although the efficacy of golimumab has been demonstrated in randomized controlled trials (RCTs), various patient populations, such as those at high risk of infection, including those with latent tuberculosis and various comorbidities, or on co-administered medications, were excluded from the RCTs. Therefore, safety cannot be sufficiently evaluated by RCTs in the patient group with heterogenous characteristics. The aim of this study was to assess the safety and effectiveness of golimumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), and ankylosing spondyloarthritis (AS) in a real-world setting in Korea. Methods We conducted an open-label, prospective, non-interventional study as post-marketing surveillance. Safety was evaluated by collecting and recording adverse events, and effectiveness was evaluated by assessing disease activity using DAS28-CRP, DAS28-ESR, ACR20, and ASAS20 outcome measures. Multiple logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with the incidence of adverse events, and changes in disease activity scores from baseline were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results A total 673 patients were enrolled, of whom 621 were included in the safety analysis. During the study, 97 adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were reported in 62 patients (10.0%). The most frequently reported ADRs were related to infection, including nasopharyngitis (0.8%), upper respiratory tract infection (0.6%), and herpes zoster (0.5%). The mean (± standard deviation) changes from baseline in global disease activity at weeks 12 and 24 were − 3.37 ± 2.529 and − 3.68 ± 2.404, respectively, with statistical significance. In those patients with RA, 72.5 and 47.0% of individuals had a good response based on DAS28-CRP and DAS28-ESR outcomes at week 24. At week 24, 71.4% of patients with PsA had an ACR20 response and 72.9% of patients with AS had an ASAS20 response. Conclusion In the real-world setting, golimumab was safe and effective in Korean patients with RA, PsA, and AS. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40744-021-00352-6.
Background Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) represents a major public health concern, with an ongoing need for new effective treatments. Bedaquiline is an oral diarylquinoline that has shown encouraging treatment success and culture conversion rates in MDR-TB. Methods A South Korean patient registry was set up across 19 centres between 2016 and 2018 for the prospective collection of data from patients with MDR-TB who received either a bedaquiline-containing or a non-bedaquiline-containing regimen. Treatment was at the physician’s discretion (bedaquiline use requiring approval by special committee) and was based on patient characteristics, disease status, and local treatment guidelines. Results The safety population included 172 patients (88 bedaquiline and 84 non-bedaquiline). The mean (standard deviation, SD) duration of follow-up was 24.3 (9.5) months. Mean (SD) durations of treatment were 5.4 (1.8) months in bedaquiline-treated patients and 15.7 (6.7) months in the non-bedaquiline group. Treatment success (cured and treatment completed according to WHO 2013 treatment outcome definitions) was achieved by 56.3% of bedaquiline-treated and 45.2% of non-bedaquiline-treated patients. Sputum culture conversion rates were 90.4% and 83.7% with and without bedaquiline, respectively. Diarrhoea and nausea were the most frequently reported treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) in the bedaquiline group (27.3% [24/88] and 22.7% [20/88], respectively). The most frequent bedaquiline-related TEAEs were prolonged QT interval (10.2%; 9/88), and diarrhoea and nausea (9.1% each; 8/88). QT interval prolongation was reported in 19.3% (17/88) of bedaquiline-treated and 2.4% (2/84) of non-bedaquiline-treated patients, but bedaquiline was not discontinued for any patient for this reason. There were 13 (14.7%) and three (3.6%) deaths in the bedaquiline-treated and non-bedaquiline groups, respectively. Review of fatal cases revealed no unexpected safety findings, and no deaths were bedaquiline-related. The most common cause of death was worsening cancer (three patients). Patients in the bedaquiline group tended to have poorer baseline risk profiles than non-bedaquiline patients and were more likely to have relapsed or already failed second-line treatment. Interpretation of mortality data was complicated by high rates of loss to follow-up in both groups. Conclusions The South Korean registry findings support previous risk/benefit observations and the continued use of bedaquiline as part of combination therapy in patients with MDR-TB.
Chitin is mostly produced from crustaceans, but it is difficult to supply raw materials due to marine pollution, and the commonly used chemical chitin extraction method is not environmentally friendly. Therefore, this study aims to establish a chitin extraction process using enzymes and to develop edible insect-derived chitin as an eco-friendly new material. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine the optimal conditions for enzymatic hydrolysis. The optimal conditions for enzymatic hydrolysis by RSM were determined to be the substrate concentration (7.5%), enzyme concentration (80 μL/g), and reaction time (24 h). The solubility and DDA of the mealworm chitosan were 45% and 37%, respectively, and those of the commercial chitosan were 61% and 57%, respectively. In regard to the thermodynamic properties, the exothermic peak of mealworm chitin was similar to that of commercial chitin. In the FT-IR spectrum, a band was observed in mealworm chitin corresponding to the C=O of the NHCOCH3 group at 1645 cm−1, but this band showed low-intensity C=O in the mealworm chitosan due to deacetylation. Collectively, mealworm chitosan shows almost similar physical and chemical properties to commercial chitosan. Therefore, it is shown that an eco-friendly process can be introduced into chitosan production by using enzyme-extracted mealworms for chitin/chitosan production.
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