Three species of Laboulbeniales are described from Korea on species of the order Coleoptera. They are; Laboulbenia borealis Spegazzini on Gyrinus japonicus Sharp (Gyrinidae), Laboulbenia humilis Thaxter on Chlaenius naeviger Morawitz (Carabidae) and Laboulbenia benjaminii Balazuc on Stenolophus difficilis Hope (Carabidae).
We tested various pretreatments to enhance the germination of 'Sea bells' (Calystegia soldanella Roem. et Schult).One experiment, which improved the germination rate by 70%, involved first scarifying the seed coats, then immersing the seeds in 50 ppm GA3 for 24 h. A GA3-alone pretreatment did not increase germination. However, the most effective method, with a 100% success rate, included 3 h of acid pretreatment with 98% H2SO4. We also used scan. ning electron microscopy (SEM) to examine the seed-coat surfaces and cross-sections of dry seeds. SEM showed structural differences between seeds that were not treated and those exposed to 98% H2SO4. The latter treatment allowed the seed coats to crack and break, thereby disrupting their physical dormancy.Keyword: Calystegia soldanella, GA3, H2SO4, scarification, seed germination, SEMThe Calystegia soldanella plant (Sea bells; Convolvulaceae) is endemic to coastal sand dunes. It blooms from May to June, and the seeds ripen in August. Its subterranean stems are used as a traditional diuretic medicine. Those long stems also allow the plants to retain sandy soils, making this species ideal for the restoration of coastal dunes and erosion control. Despite its great value in ecological preservation, it has been difficult to maintain appropriate habitats for C. soldanella because interference from human activities has caused the loss of coastal dunes. To solve these problems, the populations of sand dune species, e.g., C. soldanella, Elyrnus mollis, and Carex kobomugi, must be perpetuated. For example, several methods are available for propagating C. soldanella, including by seed, tissue and cell culture, and cuttings.Various chemical strategies can improve seed germination rates, such as the application of gibberellic acid (Miyoshi and Sato, 1997; Bhattacharya and Khuspe, 2001;Puppala and Fowler, 2002;Padilla and Encina, 2003), sulfuric acid (Ishikawa et al., 1993; Sozzi and Chiesa, 1995;Demel, 1998), and potassium nitrate (KNO3) (Bungard et al., 1997;Kang et al., 2001). In addition, one can use hydrationdehydration treatments (Ren and Tao, 2003), scarification (Baes and Viana, 2001), or smoke and heat (Morris et al., 2000;Tieu et al., 2001) to increase success.Seed dormancy can be caused by either embryo immaturity or poor imbibition of water and gas exchange through the seed coat. In the latter case, such as with C. soldanella, dormancy can be broken by treating those hard coverings. The function of the seed coat is to protect the embryo and endosperm from desiccation, mechanical injury, unfavorable temperatures, and attacks by bacteria, fungi, and insects (Bhojwani and Bhatnagar, 1978).In the present study, we investigated the most effective methods for enhancing in vivo germination of C. soldanella by pretreating seeds with gibberellic acid, sulfuric acid, or scarification. We also observed the external and cross-sectional structures of the seed coat via scanning electron microscopy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seed CollectionSeeds of C. soldanella were collected in August and...
We investigated the optimal levels of growth regulators, culture media, and pH on callus growth and organogenesis of in-vitro cultured 'Kyoho' grapes. Calli were induced by culturing leaf blades on an MS basal medium supplemented with 1 mg/IL BA and 0.01 mg/L 2,4-D. In addition, calli originating from the exocarp and mesocarp of grape fruits developed on MS media supplemented with 0.1 mg/L IAA, NAA, or 2,4-D, or with 0.2 mg/L BA. In testing the potential for plant regeneration from shoot tips on various media, we found that the Nitsch medium, with I mg/L BA, was optimal for caulogenesis. The type of shoot development depended on the pH of the medium, with vigorous multiple-shoot development occurring at pH 6.0, and single shoots forming at pH 5.0. Finally, we were able to obtain rooted seedlings from the regenerated shoots that had been cultured on 1/4-strength Nitsch medium supplemented with 0.03 mg/L NAA.
Two species of Calystegia, C. soldanella and C. japonica which both are vine perennials belong to Convolvulaceae habituated in extremely different environment. In order to elucidate the effect of flavonoids to tolerate environmental stress we chose a sand-dune plant C. soldanella, under unfavorable conditions such as nutrients deficiency, strong irradiance, and broad differences of temperature during day and night and compared this plant with C. japonica habituated under mild environment. Several kinds of flavonoids were found in both plants. Especially, quercetin glycosides and kaempferol glycosides were found as major flavonols in both plants. In C. soldanella, kaempferol 3-O-galactosidee-7-O-glucoside, kaempferol 3-O-digalactoside-7-O-glucoside, kaempferol 3-O-galactoside-7-O-galactoside and 4'-hydroxyflavone 7-O-glucoside were found. While in C. japonica, quercetin 3-O-galactoside 7-O-glucuronide, quercetin 3,7-O-digalactoside and kaempferol 3-O-galactoside 7-O-glucoside were found. Also, kaempferol glycoside was a major flavonol in C. soldanella, in contrast to quercetin glycoside as major flavonol in C. japonica. The content of total phenolic compounds was similar in two species but the content of total flavonoid compounds was higher by 1.5 times in C. japonica than that of C. soldanella.
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