In order to improve water solubility of a lipophilic drug, tacrolimus (FK506), two prodrugs (FK506-G or FK506-S) such as FK506-M32-LS-G (FK506-G) and FK506-M32-LS-SL (FK506-S) were synthesized. Two prodrugs (FK506-G or FK506-S), including FK506, were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), enzymatic kinetics, and cytotoxicity. A phase solubility test was conducted in distilled water, and the solubility of two prodrugs (FK506-G or FK506-S) was measured in various pH values for pH solubility profiles. Most interesting was that FK506-S showed the highest solubility, 866 μg/mL in water. In vitro enzymatic kinetics of two prodrugs (FK506-G or FK506-S) in human plasma was evaluated by measuring the decrease of FK506-G or FK506-S as well as the increase of FK506 by HPLC, and FK506-G or FK506-S was metabolized in 1 h in human plasma. Two prodrugs (FK506-G or FK506-S) including FK506 showed an IC 50 of 336.6 μg/mL for FK506, 337.9 μg/mL for FK506-G, or 480.1 μg/mL for FK506-S against a conjunctive cell line, Clone 1-5c-4 cells. Taken together, FK506-S could be the most optimal prodrug for aqueous preparations based on preformulation data.
This study aimed to define the concept of patient rights. Methods: A concept analysis on patient rights through the concept analysis method proposed by Walker and Avant was conducted. Results: The attributes of the concept identified in this study are as follows: (1) respect for the patient's opinion, (2) patient benefits, (3) human dignity, (4) equality, and (5) legal, moral, and ethical guarantees. The antecedents of patient rights include the recognition of the importance of patient rights and a medical system in which patient rights can be protected. Regarding the consequences of patient rights, this study identified the improvement of medical services, enhancement of professional awareness and reliability of medical staff, increase in awareness and establishment of patient safety, decline in medicolegal problems, and increase in satisfaction with medical services. Conclusion: This study aimed to clarify the concept and attributes of patient rights through a concept analysis, and to connect the same to practical work to enable useful application to nursing practice. In determining the attributes of patient rights through a concept analysis, the study hoped to contribute to research on nursing intervention and the development of tools, as well as the establishment and implementation of legal systems related to patient rights.
Aim This study aimed to predict the functional performance of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by clarifying the relationship among disease severity, uncertainty, social support, symptom experience, coping, and functional performance. Design A model‐testing design was used. Methods The subjects of this study were outpatients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who visited the respiratory clinic of a general hospital in Seoul, Korea. The data were collected using validated instruments from July 2018 to April 2019, of which 202 questionnaires in total were used for data analysis. Collected data were analysed by using IBM SPSS v27.0 and Mplus 8.0. Results The severity of the disease, uncertainty, and symptom experience should be reduced to improve the functional performance of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Furthermore, reduced uncertainty can improve functional performance by reducing symptom experience. Nursing interventions for the improvement of pulmonary function and reduction of symptom experience should be developed.
Background The goal of care for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is not only diagnosis and treatment, but also improving health-related quality of life (HRQoL). This study compared the HRQoL of community dwelling patients with COPD and the general population, using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Methods We defined COPD groups among patients with less than 70% of forced expiratory volume in 1 second value (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio in a pulmonary function test. To control for covariates that affect HRQoL, we used propensity score matching with a 1:1 ratio. Finally, 2,230 people were analyzed in both the COPD and non-COPD groups. Results There were no significant differences between COPD and matched non-COPD groups on the EuroQol-5 Dimensions (EQ-5D), after adjusting for clinico-socioeconomic status (e.g., age, sex, education, household income level, marital status, BMI, current smoking, drinking and comorbidities). However, according to the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) criteria, as the severity of COPD increased, HRQoL decreased. In particular, this difference was prominent in the domain related to physical health. Conclusion Proper community support and financial stability might be important for the maintenance of HRQoL of persons with COPD, in addition to early detection and treatment.
and a questionnaire was administered through an online breast cancer patient community's bulletin board. Finally, 162 questionnaires were included in the analysis. Results: The model was statistically significant, explaining 33.2% of the variance. A decrease in healthy lifestyle behaviors in breast cancer survivors was influenced by an age of 40 years or younger, 5 years or more since a breast cancer diagnosis, low income, fear of cancer recurrence, and fatigue. Conclusions: Intervention strategies, such as easily accessible online content that accounts for age and survival period after cancer diagnosis, should be used to promote healthy lifestyle behaviors among breast cancer survivors. Healthcare providers should be given appropriate guidelines on managing patients' fear of cancer recurrence and reducing fatigue to ensure timely access to clinical interventions. Adequate financial support from local communities and governments is needed to promote healthy lifestyle behaviors. Implications for Practice: To improve breast cancer survivors' healthy lifestyle behaviors, an understanding of the influencing factors and a multidimensional approach are required. Nurses play a role in developing and implementing interventions to improve healthy lifestyle behaviors.
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