Prostatic calculi are common and are associated with inflammation of the prostate. Recently, it has been suggested that this inflammation may be associated with prostate carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between prostatic calculi and prostate cancer (PCa) in prostate biopsy specimens. We retrospectively analyzed 417 consecutive patients who underwent transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) and prostate biopsies between January 2005 and January 2008. Based on the biopsy findings, patients were divided into benign prostatic hyperplasia and PCa groups. TRUS was used to detect prostatic calculi and to measure prostate volume. The correlations between PCa risk and age, serum total PSA levels, prostate volume, and prostatic calculi were analyzed. Patient age and PSA, as well as the frequency of prostatic calculi in the biopsy specimens, differed significantly between both the groups (P < 0.05). In the PCa group, the Gleason scores (GSs) were higher in patients with prostatic calculi than in patients without prostatic calculi (P = 0.023). Using multivariate logistic regression analysis, we found that patient age, serum total PSA and prostate volume were risk factors for PCa (P = 0.001), but that the presence of prostatic calculi was not associated with an increased risk of PCa (P = 0.13). In conclusion, although the presence of prostatic calculi was not shown to be a risk factor for PCa, prostatic calculi were more common in patients with PCa and were associated with a higher GS among these men.
Of all the laparoscopic surgical techniques that have been developed in recent years, laparoscopic adrenalectomy has become one of the most preferred methods for excising adrenal lesions. The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the results of 2 different approaches to adrenalectomyretroperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy and open adrenalectomy-through a retrospective review of case reports for 53 patients. Thirty-two retroperitoneal and 21 open laparoscopic adrenalectomies were performed between June 1999 and December 2006. The groups were matched for age (in years; p=0.516) and body mass index (in kg/m 2 ; p=0.269). The mean tumor sizes were 54.0 mm (16∼130) and 45.4 mm (13∼80) in the retroperitoneal laparoscopic and open adrenalectomy groups, respectively (p=0.086). The affected adrenal glands were successfully removed. An open surgical procedure became necessary in one of the retroperitoneal laparoscopic patients because of severe adhesion to retroperitoneal fat. Retroperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy was found to be better than open adrenalectomy in terms of estimated blood loss (141 vs. 202 ml; p=0.039), duration of postoperative hospitalization (6.2 vs. 8.8 days; p=0.001), time to return to oral intake (1.2 vs. 1.7 days; p=0.005), time to ambulation (1.2 vs. 1.4 days; p=0.013), and time to drain removal (3.7 vs. 4.7 days; p=0.001). No statistically significant difference in operative time (115 vs. 128 minutes; p=0.61) was observed. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy was safe and effective for removal of almost all of the adrenal lesions and was associated with early oral intake, early ambulation, and a low number of hospitalization days.
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