Objective Describing rehabilitation services in a standardized way is a challenge. The International Classification of Service Organizations in Rehabilitation (ICSO-R) 2.0 was published for this purpose. The ICSO-R was criticized for being tested mainly in high-income countries, and because the testing in lower-income countries did not include community-based rehabilitation services. Therefore, this study was performed to describe community-based rehabilitation services by using ICSO-R 2.0. Methods The ICSO-R 2.0 was used to describe 8 community-based rehabilitation services located in 3 cities in 3 different provinces in Indonesia: 6 community-based rehabilitation services in Bandung, West Java; 1 in Tanah Datar, West Sumatra; and 1 in Gowa, South Sulawesi. Results All the community-based rehabilitation services were owned by the government, as a public body, and in the context of the community. The 6 community-based rehabilitation services in Bandung, West Java, are under the government city of Bandung, while the other 2, from Tanah Datar and Gowa, are integrated within primary healthcare centres. Social welfare supports all 6 community-based rehabilitation services in Bandung. The other 2 community-based rehabilitation services are supported by their respective primary healthcare centres. Conclusion The ICSO-R 2.0 is a feasible tool to describe rehabilitation services, including community-based rehabilitation. LAY ABSTRACT The International Classification of Service Organizations in Rehabilitation (ICSO-R) 2.0 was published as a framework to support describing rehabilitation service organizations. The process of development of the ICSO-R did not include Community-Based Rehabilitation Services. Therefore, to rectify this, ICSO-R 2.0 was used for this study. Eight community-based rehabilitation services were surveyed, located in 3 cities in Indonesia; namely Bandung, Tanah Datar, and Gowa. This study found that ICSO-R 2.0 can be used to describe rehabilitation services not only in hospitals, but also in the community.
The livestock sector is a significant contribution to Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG) emissions, especially methane CH4 and nitrous oxide N2O. Each livestock species has a specific characteristic of emission. This research aims to determine the contribution of the livestock sector to GHG emissions in 2019 in East Kalimantan and to predict GHG from this sector over the next ten years. This research estimates the amount of GHG emitted by the livestock sector using formulas and constant values from the IPCC method Tier-1 2019 Refinement. The GHG emission is calculated for each gas based on the population of each species obtained from the East Kalimantan Statistical Center. The projection of GHG is calculated based on the population growth for each livestock species. The result shows the highest emission is contributed by Kutai Kartanegara Regency, 24 % and Beef Cattle 155.14 Gg CO2e or 79%. The projection shows GHG emissions increasing to 340,4 Gg CO2-e in 2030, assuming no significant mitigation effort was conducted.
Native arenga starch has infirmity physicochemical properties so that its use is limited to functional food. Dual modification is a starch processing to improve physicochemical properties of starch. The objective is to determine the optimum concentration of sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP) based on the physicochemical properties of the phosphate butyrate arenga starch (PBAS) from dual modification of butyrylation and phosphorylation. The method of making PBAS is using butyric anhydride 5% (w/v) and STMP concentration variation consisting of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10% and 12% (w/w) of the starch weight repeated three times and native arenga starch as a comparison. Physicochemical properties analyzed were percent butyryl, degree of substitution (DS), phosphate content, binding of butyrate phosphate with fourier transform infrared (FTIR), water, starch, amylopectin, amylose and ash contents. The results showed that the optimal STMP concentration range of 4-6% based on percent butyryl, DS and phosphate content that produce PBAS suitable for functional food ingredients. Binding of the functional group of PBAS formed a new peak in the FTIR spectra at wave number 1365.60 cm-1 which indicates the presence of phosphate (P=O) groups of STMP on starch molecules. The water content of PBAS decreased with increasing STMP concentrations. The amylose, amylopectin and ash contents of PBAS were changed after the process of butyrylation and phosphorylation. PBAS is potential as a functional food ingredient due to its butyrate and phosphate contents.
Analyze the decrease of the concentration of heavy metals Hg2+on entisols polluted by mercury due to the provision of humic acid and fulvic acid of Tithonia diversifolia. There are nine levels: With no humic acid and fulvic acid treatments (FVA0); 50 ml of fulvic acid per kg-1soil (FA50), 75 ml (FA75),100 ml (FA100), 125 ml (FA125), 50 ml of humic acid per kg- 1soil (HA50), 75 ml (HA75), 100 ml (HA100), and 125 ml (HA125). The concentration of Hg2+in entisol was measured by means of Mercury Analyzer (AAS). The results revealed that regarding mercury content in the soil, fulvic acid had a better effect on the change of Hg- chelate compared with humic acid. Fulvic acid was able to increase Hg-chelate up to 96.58%, whereas humic acid by 83.06% at a dose of 125 ml kg-1entisols for 40 days of incubation.
Sub-DAS Bantimurung merupakan sumber air irigasi bagi masyarakat di sekitarnya dan beberapa tahun terakhir perubahan besarnya debit maksimum dan debit minimum mengalami fluktuasi yang cukup tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memprediksi debit aliran dan mengetahui tingkat kevalidan model HEC-HMS (Hydrologic Engineering Center’s Hydrologic Modeling System) dalam memprediksi besarnya debit aliran pada Sub-DAS Bantimurung Kabupaten Maros. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif yang meliputi pengumpulan data di lapangan seperti : data curah hujan, debit, tekstur tanah dan penggunaan lahan serta karakteristik Sub-DAS Bantimurung. Data dianalisis menggunakan aplikasi HEC-HMS. Aplikasi ini melakukan simulasi empiris menggunakan data curah hujan, kemiringan tanah, penggunaan lahan, karakteristik tanah dan secara umum memprediksi laju debit aliran. Pemodelan HEC-HMS melakukan kalibrasi menggunakan data dari Dinas Pekerjaan Umum dengan data tahun 2006. Proses kalibrasi dan validasi model menggunakan data tahun 2014. Proses kalibrasi dan validasi menunjukkan bahwa data simulasi hasil prediksi mendekati nilai hasil pengukuran dimana nilai R2 dan NSE masing-masing adalah sebesar 0,546 dan 0,595 sedangkan hasil validasi menunjukkan nilai 0,512 dan 0,490. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa model HEC-HMS cukup valid digunakan untuk memprediksi debit aliran
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