Engineering systems are designed to carry the load. The performance of the system largely depends on how much load it carries. On the other hand, the failure rate of the system is strongly affected by its load. Besides internal failures, such as fatigue and aging process, systems may also fail due to external impacts such as nature disasters and terrorism. In this paper, we integrate the effect of loading and protection of external impacts on multi-state systems with performance sharing mechanism. The objective of this research is to determine how to balance the load and protection on system elements. An availability evaluation algorithm of the proposed system is suggested and the corresponding optimization problem is solved utilizing genetic algorithms.
Energy consumption predictions for residential buildings play an important role in the energy management and control system, as the supply and demand of energy experience dynamic and seasonal changes. In this paper, monthly electricity consumption ratings are precisely classified based on open data in an entire region, which includes over 16 000 residential buildings. First, data mining techniques are used to discover and summarize the electricity usage patterns hidden in the data. Second, the particle swarm optimization-K-means algorithm is applied to the clustering analysis, and the level of electricity usage is divided by the cluster centers. Finally, an efficient classification model using a support vector machine as the basic optimization framework is proposed, and its feasibility is verified. The results illustrate that the accuracy and F-measure of the new model reach 96.8% and 97.4%, respectively, which vastly exceed those of conventional methods. To the best of our knowledge, the research on predicting the electricity consumption ratings of residential buildings in an entire region has not been publicly released. The method proposed in this paper would assist the power sector in grasping the dynamic behavior of residential electricity for supply and demand management strategies and provide a decision-making reference for the rational allocation of the power supply, which will be valuable in improving the overall power grid quality. INDEX TERMS Residential buildings, energy consumption prediction, clustering analysis, support vector machine.
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