Brassica napus is a vegetable oil crop, commonly known as rapeseed (or canola). It is widely used as a source of oil and protein for food and industrial applications, but also as a remedy, and in a field of attraction or as an ornament due to its diverse flower colors. Every part of rapeseed is useful, even the waste, which could be used to feed animals, or recycled. In this review, the use of rapeseed in these applications is presented, starting with the preparation of oil and protein from the seeds, before their release in the market, to the utilization of natural unprocessed rapeseed. Progress in rapeseed exploitation for food, remedy, energy source, and industrial applications are analyzed to show variability in diverse findings, to provide insights and progressive descriptions of rapeseed usage to other scholars. Moreover, advancements in breeding for rapeseed improvement were described. In the future, strategies could be developed or improved to avoid or decrease crop losses, but also to increase interest in propagating the valuable traits of rapeseed.

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the concept of superoscillation, [13,14] there has been growing interest in developing optical super-resolution devices for far-field operation without evanescent waves. [15,16] According to this concept, an arbitrary small point-spread function (PSF) can be achieved by engineering the wave front of the incident wave through a properly designed amplitude-phase mask. [17] This opens an alternative way toward far-field optical super-resolution. In the past several years, various types of superoscillatory lenses have been demonstrated, including linear-focusing lenses, [18,19] spot-focusing lenses, [20,21] long-depth-of-focusing lenses, [22][23][24] and vector wave superoscillatory lenses. [25][26][27][28][29][30] So far, the smallest PSF that has ever been experimentally demonstrated has a full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) value of 0.33λ, [31] where λ is the working wavelength. Due to their comparative large sidelobes, those super-resolution lenses are not suitable for direct imaging. In most traditional optical imaging systems, super-resolution PSF usually leads to relatively large sidelobes, which carry a decent amount of energy and might restrict further improvement in the spatial resolution. However, in a confocal microscope, the sidelobes of a super-resolution illumination lens can be effectively suppressed by a conventional optical objective lens, because the PSF of the entire confocal optical system is the product of the two PSFs of the illumination lens and the collection lens. [32] Although their focusing efficiency is only several percentages, super-resolution lenses have demonstrated promising potentials in the application Recently, developments in superoscillatory optical devices have allowed for label-free far-field optical super-resolution technology by allowing engineering of optical point-spread functions beyond the traditional Abbe diffraction limit. However, such superoscillatory optical devices are optimized for the normalincident operation, which inevitably leads to a comparatively slow imaging acquisition rate in the application of super-resolution microscopy. Here, a super-resolution metalens is demonstrated with a high numerical aperture that can focus oblique incident light into a hot spot with a size smaller than the diffraction limit at the visible wavelength. This super-resolution metalens has a numerical aperture of as large as 0.97, a focal length of 38.0 µm, a radius of 151.9 µm, and a field of view of 4° that enables super-resolution focusing on the focal plane at a wavelength of λ = 632.8 nm. In a 5.6λ × 5.6λ field of view on the focal plane, the size of the focal spot is smaller than 0.45λ, which is only 0.874 times the corresponding Abbe diffraction limit. The super-resolution metalens offers a promising way toward fast-scanning labelfree far-field super-resolution microscopy.

Drought stress is one of the most environmental abiotic stresses affecting seed germination and crop growth. In the present study, the genetic characteristics of seed germination under drought stress in a Brassica napus double haploid population were analyzed. Five germination-related indexes, including germination percentage (GP), root length (RL), shoot length (SL), fresh weight (FW), and root-to-shoot length ratio (R/S) under control and drought stress, were calculated, and the drought stress index (DSI), including DSI-GP, DSI-RL, DSI-SL, DSI-FW, and DSI-R/S, was determined using the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) analysis based on high-density genetic linkage map. The phenotypic analysis indicated that the R/S is an effective morphological trait in the determination of drought tolerance in the seedling stage. Thirty-nine identified QTLs were observed for these traits and then integrated into 36 consensus QTLs, in which 18 QTLs were found to affect the DSI of four traits (GP, RL, SL, and R/S). Based on the co-linearity between genetic and physical maps of B. napus, 256 candidate genes were detected, and 128 genes have single-nucleotidepolymorphisms/insertion–deletion (SNP/InDel) variations between two parents, some of which were associated with the drought stress tolerance (for example, BnaC03g32780D, BnaC03g37030D, and BnaC09g27300D). The present results laid insights into drought tolerance and its genetic bases in B. napus.