<p>High-density development has reduced greenery and water coverage, thus reducing the environment's ability to regulate temperature. Temperatures in urban areas are significantly higher than in suburban areas, resulting in severe heat island effects. The urban heat island intensity in many cities in Taiwan is generally higher than 2.5&#176;C in summer. One of the causes is the poor ventilation of dense buildings. Therefore, the construction of wind corridor systems based on the current urban conditions is an excellent way to improve the quality of heat dissipation.</p><p>The paper first reviews the definition of a wind corridor system and introduces the existing urban cases. Afterwards, the long-term climate data provided by the National Science and Technology Center for Disaster Reduction and the Taiwan Climate Change Projection Information and Adaptation Knowledge Platform, the High-Density Street-Level Air Temperature Observation Network data from the Building and Climate Laboratory of National Cheng Kung University, and the overlay of Landsat satellite computer visual and cadastral map data are used. The data were combined to investigate the appropriate hierarchical structure of the wind corridor systems in Taichung City.</p><p>A Natural Wind Corridor is the long-term natural wind trend mapped from the data mentioned above. Then, based on the Natural Wind Corridor, the Urban Wind Corridor System at the height of 2 metres is constructed by the Least-Cost Path (LCP) analysis with roughness length grids. Implementing the Urban Wind Corridor at different scales, such as in urban and local areas, is discussed. We defined that wind passage is facilitated when the roughness length is less than 1 metre, and the path is allowed to deflect in advance when it encounters large areas of high roughness length (over 2 metres). The deflection angle should not exceed 30&#176;. To define the Primary and Secondary Wind Corridor, we calculate the number of high-roughness-length grids that each route passes through. Wind corridors are classified as Type II when the grid amount of the route passing through, which contains greater than 1 metre in roughness length, is between 35% and 50% of the study domain. If this value is less than 35%, the wind corridor is classified as Type I.</p><p>Besides, the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation was used to verify the effectiveness of the heat mitigation strategies and provide recommendations on implementation methods, such as limiting the minimum site ventilation ratio by area.</p><p>We found that the LCP analysis has the advantage of being fast and less costly, but it also limits the results, e.g., the exclusive starting wind direction limits the interpretation. We suggest that supplementary conditions can be set for the difference in the nature of upwind and downwind areas.</p>
<p>In recent years, climate change and the urban heat island effect have caused extreme heat and thermal discomfort in the city. To adapt to this extreme condition, shading is one of the adaptation strategies. Effective shade can protect people from excessive solar radiation, improve outdoor thermal comfort and encourage people to engage in outdoor activities. Therefore, several countries have developed shading policies including constructing shading devices such as shaded walkways and increasing tree shades. For shading facilities, the orientation and dimensions are key factors affecting thermal comfort beneath them. However, it is rarely discussed in past studies and isn&#8217;t particularly specified in the government policies. Therefore, the objective of this research is to understand the relationship between the orientation and dimensions of outdoor shading devices and thermal comfort to provide references for policy-making and design.</p><p>This research applies the Ladybug tool to calculate the physical equivalent temperature (PET) under various dimensions and orientations of two basic types of outdoor shading devices, the independent and the attached, during summer days. The effect of the dimensions on thermal comfort is evaluated with the effective aspect ratio.</p><p>The results show that the lower the effective aspect ratio, the higher the average PET and the discomfort rate (the percentage of time with PET over 34&#8451;) during summer days. The discomfort rate can be reduced to less than 5% when the effective ratio of shading devices is above 1.8. The orientation of shading devices also affects PET. For independent shading devices, the average PET and discomfort ratio in the N-S orientation is the highest and the E-W orientation is the lowest, while the attached type is the highest in the west and the lowest in the north. In addition, this study finds regression equations for the average PET of shading devices in summer with the effective aspect ratio as a parameter. Moreover, this study organizes the results into a reference table so users can easily understand the PET discomfort rate of shading devices in different dimensions and orientations.</p><p>This research provides valuable information for the government to develop shading policies, assist designers to design comfort shading devices, and predicts thermal comfort levels under shading devices in various dimensions and orientation.</p>
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