The flow rate and temperature of the flue gas from a sintering machine can fluctuate in a wide range; thus, the follow-up desulfurization facility should be operated stably and maintained on-line. A new type of horizontal spray tower, which can achieve high efficiency with low pressure loss and easy maintenance, was invented by the University of Science and Technology Beijing. A 3D multiphase computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of the horizontal spray tower was constructed with Fluent software to study the internal flow field and the reaction of the horizontal spray tower. The standard k–ξ model and the Eulerian–Lagrangian model were adopted in this study. Results show that the flow field in the spray tower can be numerically simulated utilizing the CFD technology. The inlet angle exerts an important effect on the flue gas flow field of the horizontal tower. When the first-order efficiency and the economic indicators are taken into account, an inlet angle of 75° is recommended in the top inlet intake mode, whereas a 30° inlet angle performs the best in the side inlet intake mode. The spray configuration exerts an important influence. When the spray cone angle is 110° and the installation height is controlled at 0.8 m from the top surface, the smoke residence time is long, and the contact is sufficient. The results can provide theoretical support for the optimization of the structure of the spray tower.
Effects of unsustainable solid waste management are found all around the world but it is worse in developing and under developed countries like East African Community (EAC) countries. A big proportion of their solid waste is not properly managed. This paper highlighted the situation of solid wastes management in EAC countries and compared with other countries. More than 62.5% of generated solid waste in EAC is organic, 19.6% of papers and plastics, 3% of glasses while other kind of waste occupies 14.9%. Waste management (WM) system in developing countries is dominated by insanitary landfill which cover more than 59% of the total collected SW, between 13 and 33% is openly dumped, a negligible quantity is recycled while between 6 and 26% is inappropriately thrown. Only less than 50% of the total generated solid waste (SW) in developing countries is collected and this is the same case in EAC. Sanitary landfill, sustainable composting, waste to energy (WTE) and other recycling system can change waste from unwanted materials to important products. Almost all generated wastes in developed and highly developing countries are collected, with high generation site sorting and sustainably treated and managed. Some countries achieved zero landfilling while others have sanitary landfills. The final destination of each kind of waste in developed countries determine collection mean and improve the quality of raw materials for recycling companies. Value of sorted waste to the recycling companies improves the interest of generation site sorting and maximization collection.
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