Exploring a green and safe primary explosive to replace very toxic and sensitive lead azide and lead styphnate takes great efforts. Here, a series of polynitro-functionalized triazolylfurazanate energetic materials have been reported. These new compounds were fully characterized by infrared, multinuclear NMR spectra, mass spectra, elemental analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry measurements. The structure of mono-diaminoguanidinium salt ( 17) was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Inspired by the high pressurization rate and fast energy release in triaminoguanidinium salts, some suitability evaluation for primary explosives has been applied. Di(triaminoguanidinium) 3-nitramino-4-(3-(dinitromethanidyl)-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)furazanate exhibits an excellent gas-generating capability (P max = 9.03 Mpa) and combustion performance (dP/dt max = 201.5 GPa s −1 ) close to fast thermite Al/CuO (P max = 8.49 Mpa, dP/dt max = 252.2 GPa s −1 ). Moreover, the good initiation capacity (60 mg for 500 mg RDX) coupled with insensitivity in this compound (IS = 17.4 J, FS = 240 N, ESD > 0.225 J) make it a promising green and insensitive primary explosive.
Two energetic N-trinitroethyl-substituted aminofurazans 11 and 12, as well as nitramine 13 (the N-nitration product of 12) were synthesized. All the compounds were well characterized by NMR spectra, IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). Their structures were further confirmed by X-ray diffraction studies, which show favorable densities (1.82-1.87 g cm À3 ). Interestingly, they exhibit good thermal stability (T dec ¼ 159-230 C), acceptable oxygen balance (À15.31%-0) and high positive heats of formation (268-1259.5 kJ mol À1 ). In addition, the performance calculations gave detonation pressures and velocities for the furazan derivatives in the range of 35.4-40.8 GPa and 8900-9486 m s À1 , respectively. Furthermore, nitramine 13 (nitrate product of 12), having an oxygen balance of zero, exhibits outstanding detonation properties (D f H m , 1259.5 kJ mol À1 ; D, 9486 m s À1 ; P, 40.8 GPa), which could be used as a high detonation performance energetic material. 25 8430 3286 † Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. CCDC 994771, 994772 and 994774. For ESI and crystallographic data in CIF or other electronic format seeFig. 5 (a) Molecular structure of 11. Hydrogen atoms are shown, but are unlabeled for clarity. (b) Ball and stick packing diagram of 11. Dashed lines indicate strong hydrogen bonding.This journal is
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