Constitutive heterochromatin undergoes a dynamic clustering and spatial reorganization during myogenic differentiation. However the detailed mechanisms and its role in cell differentiation remain largely elusive. Here, we report the identification of a muscle-specific long non-coding RNA, ChRO1, involved in constitutive heterochromatin reorganization. ChRO1 is induced during terminal differentiation of myoblasts, and is specifically localized to the chromocenters in myotubes. ChRO1 is required for efficient cell differentiation, with global impacts on gene expression. It influences DNA methylation and chromatin compaction at peri/centromeric regions. Inhibition of ChRO1 leads to defects in the spatial fusion of chromocenters, and mislocalization of H4K20 trimethylation, Suv420H2, HP1, MeCP2 and cohesin. In particular, ChRO1 specifically associates with ATRX/DAXX/H3.3 complex at chromocenters to promote H3.3 incorporation and transcriptional induction of satellite repeats, which is essential for chromocenter clustering. Thus, our results unveil a mechanism involving a lncRNA that plays a role in large-scale heterochromatin reorganization and cell differentiation.
The theoretical framework of occupational socialization has been used to good effect to explain why preservice and inservice physical education (PE) teachers think and teach as they do. The purpose of this study was to use the same lens to examine the perspectives and practices of a cohort of sport pedagogy doctoral students in terms of PE teaching and physical education teacher education (PETE). Participants were 12 doctoral students enrolled in one university's sport pedagogy doctoral program. Data were collected through formal and informal interviews, observations, and self-reflective posters. They were analyzed using analytic induction and constant comparison. Key findings were that doctoral students espoused both conservative and liberal forms of PE and PETE and that these views were shaped by the interaction of the various phases of their socialization. Doctoral students recalled being oriented to both teaching and coaching. The longer coaching orientations remained intact the more likely they were to espouse conservative versions of PE and PETE. Prior to their graduate work, the pattern of socialization for the cohort of students was similar to that illustrated in other studies. What was new, however, was the power and potency of the students' graduate education or secondary professional socialization. This appeared to be primarily due to influential faculty, a practitioner focus in master's degree programs, and engagement in undergraduate PETE.iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
In this paper, we present a new type of a doublenegative metamaterial (MTM) absorber based with resonant-magnetic structures, with a periodic array composed of a split-ring resonator (SRR) and two open complementary split-ring resonators (OCSRRs). In contrast to common absorber configurations, the absorber proposed in this paper does not use a metallic back plate or a resistive sheet. In order to eliminate the need for this metallic back plate, a planar array of SRRs is placed parallel to the incident wave propagation direction. An appropriately designed combination structure of two OCSRRs and a SRR exhibits negative permittivity and negative permeability in the same frequency band. Each unit cell is printed on both sides of an FR-4 substrate. A prototype absorber was fabricated with a planar array of 75 × 42 unit cells. Both simulations and experiments verify the effectiveness of the proposed backplane-less MTM absorber. The proposed backplane-less absorber can be used for microwave applications.
Abstract-In this paper, we present a new type of a double-negative metamaterial absorber (MMA) with a periodic array composed of in-plane an electric-field-coupled-LC (ELC) resonator and a wire. In contrast to common MMA configurations, a metallic pattern layer of the proposed absorber is placed parallel to the incident wave propagation direction. An appropriately designed combination structure is etched on one side of an FR-4 substrate. Here, we fabricated a prototype absorber with a planar array of 66 × 30 unit cells. Our experiments showed that the proposed absorber exhibited a peak absorption rate greater than 86% at 10.1 GHz irrespective of the incident angles up to 60 • .
We present a method for extending the bandwidth of a metamaterial absorber (MMA) with multiresonance structure. The basic unit cell of the MMAs consists of a periodic arrangement of an electric-LC (ELC) resonator and a square loop structure. The absorption bandwidth of an MMA is effectively extended by combining five unit cell structures with different geometric dimensions into a coplanar unit cell. Experimental results show that the fabricated MMA is 0.8 mm (0.0026 λ0) thick with a peak absorption rate of 93% at 10 GHz and a full width at half maximum (FWHM) bandwidth of 970 MHz.
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