Mature spermatozoa contain a whole repertoire of the various classes of cellular RNAs, both coding and non-coding. It was hypothesized that after fertilization they might impact development, a claim supported by experimental evidence in various systems. Despite the current increasing interest in the transgenerational maintenance of epigenetic traits and their possible determination by RNAs, little remains known about conservation in sperm and across generations and the specificities and mechanisms involved in transgenerational maintenance. We identified two distinct fractions of RNAs in mature mouse sperm, one readily extracted in the aqueous phase of the classical TRIzol procedure and a distinct fraction hybridized with homologous DNA in DNA-RNA complexes recovered from the interface, purified after DNase hydrolysis and analyzed by RNA-seq methodology. This DNA-associated RNA (D RNA) was found to represent as much as half of the cell contents in differentiated sperm, in which a major part of the cytoplasmic material has been discarded. Stable complexes were purified free of proteins and identified as hybrids (R-loops) on the basis of their sensitivity to RNase H hydrolysis. Further analysis by RNA-seq identified transcripts from all the coding and non-coding regions of the genome, thus revealing an extensive wave of transcription, prior to or concomitant with the terminal compaction of the chromatin.
Background:Studies of oxidative status in polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) patients are limited with inconsistent results. The effects of resveratrol as a natural antioxidant on oxidative status in PCOS aren’t clear.Objective:This study evaluated effects of resveratrol on oxidative stress in the liver and serum of the PCOS rats.Materials and Methods:Fifteen female Wistar rats (3 wk old) were divided into 3 groups (n=5/each e): Control group, PCO-Control group, and PCO-Resveratrol group. For induction of polycystic ovary phenotype, testosterone enanthate 10 mg/kg was injected for 35 days subcutaneously. Then, resveratrol 10 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally for 28 days to rats of the PCO-Resveratrol group. Ovarian sections were stained with hematoxylin/eosin. The serum glucose and insulin and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in serum and liver were measured.Results:Control animals showed normal ovarian morphology and PCO-Control animals exhibited cystic follicles. There were no significant differences in liver TAC between groups. The serum MDA (p=0.034), and homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (p=0.014) levels in PCO-Control rats were higher than the controls. The liver MDA in PCO-Control rats was more than that of controls (p=0.001). The HOMA-IR (p=0.008) and serum MDA (p=0.006) levels in PCO-Control rats were more than those of PCO-Resveratrol rats (p=0.008). In PCO-Resveratrol group, serum TAC was higher than that of PCO-Control group (p=0.022) and liver MDA was more than controls (p=0.01).Conclusion:Results indicated that the induction of PCOS in rats increased lipid peroxidation and insulin resistance and resveratrol improved these complications.
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