[1] The authors welcome the comment from J. E. Mazur and T. P. O'Brien [Mazur and O'Brien, 2012] on our recently published study [Choi et al., 2011]. In our paper, we investigated the geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) satellite anomalies archived by Satellite News Digest (SND) during 1997-2009 in order to search for possible influences of space weather on the anomaly occurrences. There were good relationships between geomagnetic activity (as measured by the Kp index) and anomaly occurrences of the GEO satellites; the satellite anomalies occurred mainly in the midnight-to-morning sector, and the anomalies were found more frequently in spring and fall than in summer and winter. A comparison of the SND data with data from Los Alamos National Laboratory satellites showed that low-energy (<100 keV) electrons exhibit behavior similar to that of spacecraft anomalies and implied that the spacecraft charging may be a primary contributor to the GEO spacecraft anomalies reported on the SND Web site (http://www.sat-index.co.uk). [2] Mazur and O'Brien [2012] point out that some anomalies used in our analysis were not obviously caused by space weather effects. In fact, we intentionally used all of the GEO satellite anomalies listed on the SND Web site in order to exclude a subjective selection effect. Our event list, chosen from the SND database, represented major satellite anomalies that had significant financial impacts. There were numerous minor satellite anomalies reported from many agencies, and we want to emphasize that their tendency was similar to that of our event list. While the number of events may not be large enough to analyze local time dependence, when the anomalies reported by SND from 2010 to 2011 (indicated in Figure 1 by star symbols) are included, it is very clear that the anomaly occurrences are more frequent at nighttime than during the daytime. [3] Mazur and O'Brien [2012] also mention the relationship between GEO satellite anomalies and charging effects. Internal charging may be concerned with high-energy electrons and independent of its local time, while external charging is related to low-energy electrons and dependent on its local time. As we noted in Choi et al. [2011], the flux of 100 keV electrons on GEO orbit shows nonuniform distribution on the local time, yet these electrons don't have enough energy to penetrate satellite walls and charge internal components. At this moment, we don't fully understand the mechanism by which charged particles bring about the anomalies. [4] We support the proposal made by Mazur and O'Brien [2012] that an agency be established to maintain adequate and open anomaly and abnormality lists containing all information about events. We also anticipate that our paper will serve as encouragement to all the agencies concerned to make their anomaly data publicly available and to investigate an occurrence mechanism of spacecraft anomaly. References
An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of fermented garlic solution (FGS) on the performance, egg quality and blood profiles of laying hens in the finishing period. In total, 432 Lohmann Brown hens aged 79 weeks were equally distributed into four dietary treatments with six replicate. Hens were fed the basal diet containing 2,750 kcal/kg of ME and 16% of CP, which was supplemented with either 0% (control), 0.05%, 0.10% and 0.20% FGS from 79 to 83 weeks old. Laying performance, egg quality, yolk fatty acids and serum characteristics were analyzed at the end of experiment. Egg production and feed conversion was numerically improved in FGS supplementation treatments compared to those in the control, but were not statistically different. The albumen height and Haugh unit showed significant increase (P<0.05) in the FGS supplementation groups. The concentration of saturated fatty acid decreased in the yolks of birds fed FGS (P<0.01), whereas the unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) and mono-UFA contents were significantly higher (P<0.01) in those treatments than in the control. Significantly lower natural fat and cholesterol in serum were observed in birds fed the 0.20% FGS supplementation diet (P<0.01). However, the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol increased in both the 0.10% and 0.20% FGS supplementation groups. In addition, interleukin-2 mRNA and CD4+/CD8+ level in serum which were cellular immunity indicators showed statistical differences (P<0.01) among treatments and a higher concentration in the 0.10% and 0.20% FGS groups than in the control. Thus, it can be concluded that dietary supplementation of FGS improved egg quality and stimulated immune response in mature laying hens.
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