had magnitude of 9.0 on the Richter Scale with the epicenter approximately 70 km east of the Oshika Peninsula in Miyagi Prefecture. This earthquake triggered terrible tsunami waves which hit the coast of Japan and propagated around the Pacific Ocean. The earthquake and tsunami caused extensive and severe infrastructural damage, such as damages of coastal protection structures and buildings, and significantly changed coastal and river morphology. This paper presents tsunami-induced coastal and estuarine morphology changes in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan, and subsequent recovery process in each study area. On sandy coasts, discontinuous coastal protection is likely to be severely damaged, resulting in serious erosion in the surrounding sandy coast. Furthermore, severe breaching was observed on sandy coasts where formerly river mouth was located, due to strong return flow from the catchment area. The restoration process of the coast and estuaries is highly dependent on sediment supply availability in the surrounding area. Coast. Eng. J. 2012.54. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY on 08/23/15. For personal use only. H. Tanaka et al. 1250010-2 Coast. Eng. J. 2012.54. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY on 08/23/15. For personal use only. Coastal and Estuarine Morphology Changes 1250010-3 Coast. Eng. J. 2012.54. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY on 08/23/15. For personal use only. 1250010-5 Coast. Eng. J. 2012.54. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY on 08/23/15. For personal use only. 1250010-6 Coast. Eng. J. 2012.54. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY on 08/23/15. For personal use only. Coastal and Estuarine Morphology Changes 1250010-16 Coast. Eng. J. 2012.54. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY on 08/23/15. For personal use only. 1250010-19 Coast. Eng. J. 2012.54. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY on 08/23/15. For personal use only. 1250010-23 Coast. Eng. J. 2012.54. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY on 08/23/15. For personal use only. H. Tanaka et al.

Shoreline continuously adapts to changing multi-scale wave forcing. This study investigates the shoreline evolution of tropical beaches exposed to monsoon events and storms with a case study in Vietnam, facing the South China Sea, over the particularly active 2013-2014 season, including the Cat-5 Haiyan typhoon. Our continuous video observations show for the first time that long-lasting monsoon events have more persistent impact (longer beach recovery phase) than typhoons. Using a shoreline equilibrium model, we estimate that the seasonal shoreline behavior is driven by the envelope of intra-seasonal events rather than monthly-averaged waves. Finally, the study suggests that the interplay between intra-seasonal event intensity and duration on the one hand and recovery conditions on the other might be of key significance. Their evolution in a variable or changing climate should be considered.

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At 14:46 JST on March 11, 2011 a magnitude 9.0 earthquake (2011 Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami) occurred off the Pacific Coast of Miyagi Prefecture. This study investigated the extensive changes in beach morphology due to the earthquake and tsunami along the 15 km Northern Sendai Coast using remotely sensed data. The remote sensing analysis on the beach topography and coastal forest demonstrated the following notable characteristics of beach morphological change: erosion of the northern barrier at the mouths of the Nanakitagawa and Natorigawa Rivers; erosion at an old river channel; scour landward of the seawalls in the longshore direction; erosion and deposition in beach areas with detached breakwaters; and deposition in coastal forest areas. Linkage of the deposition in the forest areas with the damage type of coastal forests was observed. The impact of the 1250009-1Coast. Eng. J. 2012.54. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND on 08/16/15. For personal use only. K. Udo et al.earthquake and tsunami on the beach morphology was serious; roughly 60% of the study area was degraded by 0.2-0.5 m in elevation mainly due to land subsidence, and a total of 0.4 km 2 of beach area was eroded mainly due to erosion of the northern barrier at the mouths of the Nanakitagawa and Natorigawa Rivers. This study explores the geographical changes brought on by a tremendous earthquake and tsunami, which will help to elucidate the mechanisms of coastal forest destruction, beach erosion, and their interaction during tsunami events.

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