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While bone contact length, miniscrew angle, and bone density did not exert major effects on miniscrew failure, root proximity was the factor that most affected miniscrew failure, especially for miniscrews placed in the mandible. CBCT was superior to periapical dental X-rays for evaluating the proximity of miniscrews to the root. Correction of the X-ray attenuation coefficient value was necessary for measuring bone density using CBCT.

Children worldwide experience mental and emotional disorders. Mental disorders occurring among young children, especially infants (birth -3 years), often go unrecognized. Prevalence rates are difficult to determine because of lack of awareness and difficulty assessing and diagnosingWe acknowledge the invaluable assistance of Mallika Rajamani in the preparation of this article. We have no conflicts of interest to declare. young children. Existing data, however, suggest that rates of disorders in young children are comparable to those of older children and adolescents (von Klitzing, Dohnert, Kroll, & Grube, 2015). The lack of widespread recognition of disorders of infancy is particularly concerning due to the unique positioning of infancy as foundational in the developmental process. Both the brain and behavior are in vulnerable states of development across the first 3 years of life, with potential for enduring deviations to occur in response to early trauma and deprivation. Intervention approaches for young children require sensitivity to their developmental needs within their families. The primacy of infancy as a time of unique foundational risks for disorder, the impact of trauma and violence on young children's development, the impact of family disruption on children's attachment, and existing literature on prevalence rates of early disorders are discussed. Finally, global priorities for addressing these disorders of infancy are highlighted to support prevention and intervention actions that may alleviate suffering among our youngest world citizens.Keywords: Infant mental health, infant mental disorders, prevalence of infant disorder, burden of disease, early intervention RESUMEN: Los niños en el mundo entero experimentan trastornos mentales y emocionales. Los trastornos mentales que ocurren en niños pequeños, especialmente infantes (entre el nacimiento y los 3 años de edad), a menudo pasan sin ser reconocidos. Las tasas de prevalencia son difíciles de determinar a causa de la falta de conocimiento y la dificultad de evaluar y diagnosticar niños pequeños. Sin embargo, la información existente sugiere que las tasas de trastornos en niños pequeños son comparables con aquellas de niños mayores y adolescentes. La falta de un amplio reconocimiento de los trastornos de infancia es particularmente preocupante debido a la posición clave que ocupa la infancia como pilar fundamental en el proceso de desarrollo. Tanto el cerebro como la conducta se encuentran en vulnerables etapas de desarrollo a lo largo de los tres primeros años de vida con la potencialidad de sufrir desviaciones que ocurren como respuesta al temprano trauma y a las privaciones. Los acercamientos de intervención para niños pequeños requieren una sensibilidad hacia sus necesidades de desarrollo dentro de sus familias. Se discuten la primacía de la infancia como una etapa de riesgos fundamentales para los trastornos, el impacto que el trauma y la violencia tienen sobre el desarrollo de los niños pequeños, el impacto que las rupturas familiares ...

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