Microglial activation caused by a mechanism independent of TLR4 is involved in the development of morphine tolerance. Further studies are necessary to clarify the cellular mechanisms of morphine-induced microglial activation.

Our study suggests that N2O demonstrates its antinociceptive action and reduces sevoflurane MAC in mice through KOP activation, whereas its hypnotic potency is not dependent on KOP activation.

Hypotension during anesthetic induction is common in lung transplant recipients, and is independently predicted by preoperative hypercapnia.

Background Pain and discomfort during the awake phase in awake craniotomy should be relieved to facilitate brain mapping. Although some anaesthesiologists use low‐dose (0.01‐0.05 µg/kg/min) remifentanil infusion to provide analgesia during this phase, its efficacy and side effects have never been evaluated. Therefore, this study primarily aimed to investigate the effects of low‐dose remifentanil infusion on the need for antiemetic treatment during brain mapping and secondarily aimed to determine its effects on the need for additional analgesic treatment. Methods This retrospective study included 218 patients who underwent awake craniotomy at our centre from 2008 to 2018. The relationship between low‐dose remifentanil infusion during the awake phase and the requirement for analgesic or antiemetic treatment was examined. A multivariable competing risk regression analysis was performed to adjust for patient and operative variables. Results Sixty‐six patients (30.3%) received low‐dose (median rate: 0.01 µg/kg/min) remifentanil infusion during the awake phase. Forty‐nine patients (22.5%) received an antiemetic and 99 (45.4%) received additional analgesic treatment. The difference in additional analgesic treatment was not significant between patients who received low‐dose remifentanil infusion and those who did not (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.13; 95% confidence interval: 0.75‐1.70; P = .570); however, the use of antiemetics significantly increased in patients who received remifentanil (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.78; 95% confidence interval: 1.01‐3.15; P = .047). Conclusion Low‐dose remifentanil infusion during the awake phase in awake craniotomy significantly increased the need for antiemetics but did not decrease the need for additional analgesic treatment.

Oxygen desaturation during anesthetic induction and severe respiratory acidosis after anesthetic induction frequently occur in post-HSCT lung transplant recipients. Low Cdyn may, at least partially, explain oxygen desaturation during anesthetic induction and severe respiratory acidosis after anesthetic induction. Moreover, preoperative hypercapnia and low BMI were predictive of low Cdyn.