434 cases (216 males and 218 females) of esophagus and 182 cases (118 males and 64 females) of broncho-tracheal foreign bodies gathered from the ENT departments of 7 universities located in the Tokai area of Japan were statistically analyzed during past 10 years. As esophageal foreign bodies, PTP (35.1%) ranked first, followed by coins (24.0%), peaces of meat (10.9%), and fish bones (10.0%). In regard to broncho-tracheal foreign bodies, 75.1% of all cases were under 3-year-olds patients. Transluscent foreign bodies were found in 86.3% of all cases. The foreign bodies were beans in 68.1% of all cases, followed by artifical teeth in 11.5%. The foreign bodies were lodged in the right bronchas with the same frequency as in the left. In this
The age-related induction of inducible nitric synthase (iNOS) and apoptotic cell death in spiral ganglion cells (SGCs) of ddy strain mice were studied with immunohistochemical method and TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL), respectively. A large amount of iNOS was expressed in SGCs of 18- to 24-month-old mice, but not in those of the mice less than 12 months of age. Moreover, these mice were accompanied by a great rise in auditory brainstem response threshold as well as a great decrease in the number of SGCs that seemed to be due to preceding cell death of the cells. However, we were unable to find apoptotic TUNEL-positive cells in the spiral ganglions. This was assumed to be due to a very short clearance time of the dead cell bodies of less than one hour. As has been known, NO produced by iNOS can implicate in causes for either protection of cells from peroxidation and cell death. In the present study, therefore, the steep augmentation of iNOS in the SGCs of senescent mice implies that the iNOS initially induced to protect SGCs from the cytotoxicity of cellular peroxidation eventually contribute to the cell death of SGCs themselves.
Summary: Since the localization of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) can be identified by enzyme histochemistry for NADPH-diaphorse (NADPH-d), this method has been used widely for mapping NOS-containing (presumablyThe NADPH-d positive neurons were predominantly found in two main subdivisions of the IC: the external cortex (ECIC) and the dorsal cortex (DCIC). The large numbers of these NADPH-d positive neurons appeared immunostained for GLU while only a small number, seemed to belong to the small cells (somatic area < 100 μm 2 ) similarity to stellate cells group was positive for GABA throughout the cortex of the IC. Owing to no coexistence between GABA and GLU in the same NADPH-d positive neuron in the pairs of adjacent sections of the IC by the mirror-image technique, the present results consequently support that NOergic neurons could be subdivided into at least three distinct populations with a large proportion of about 77% being GLUergic, much lower frequency of about 11% being GABAergic and the remaining 12% expressing non-GABA and non-GLU.In summary, the existence of two functionally distinct populations of NO/GABAergic and NO/GLUergic neurons in the NOergic neurons of IC suggest that at least two differential pattern of GLU-mediated excitatory NO transmission and GABA-mediated inhibitory NO transmission are involved in the networking of auditory communication in the cortex of IC.
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