At many ports throughout JAP/4N, port disturbanoes caused by long-period oscilIations are currently posing problems at many harbors and fishing ports but many questions ahout the mechanism ofpQrt disturbances are still remained. in the present studM phenomena were analyzed by field observations and factors were analyzed numerically to clarify the mechanism ofthe port disturbance generation accompanying the advance oflong-period wayes into ports. The results are as fbllows; (1) TIhe port disturbanoes at Kumaishi Fishing Port could be attributed to resonances betwgen the natural periods ofthis ponin Modes 1 through 3 and the long-period components of incoming wayes. (2) The results of observations and nurnerical analyses sho-L ifaport has anatuial beach and water passage, the resonance phenomenon reduces the amplimde amplification facton Kay woivls: Oceanagrqpihic phenomenq Longzperiod oseiZlation, Longzperiodwaves, AlatzLralperibd IVbtural resoncmt mode
Obesity is associated with proliferation and differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) into mature adipocytes. Nutritional stimuli induce ADSCs proliferation and differentiation and this process is well established because master regulators of adipogenic differentiation, C/EBPalpha and PPARgamma were identified. However, under normal condition, molecular mechanisms to maintain ADSCs in a quiescent and undifferentiated state are largely unknown. To identify genes essential for the maintenance, microarray analysis was performed for comparison of gene expression between freshly isolated murine ADSCs and 4-day cultured ADSCs (preadipocytes). Among the 223 up-regulated transcriptional factor genes in ADSCs, we focused on nuclear receptor 4a (Nr4a) family, which play diverse roles including metabolic processes. ADSCs selective expressions of Nr4a were confirmed by RT-qPCR analysis. To evaluate roles of Nr4a in adipogenic differentiation, we retrovirally overexpressed Nr4a into preadipocytes. Nr4a-overexpressed preadipocytes showed reduced accumulation of lipid droplet and decreased expressions of C/EBPalpha and PPARgamma. ChIP analysis confirmed that Nr4a directly bound to C/EBPalpha and PPARgamma promotor. Nr4a family is induced by multiple signals such as cyclic AMP and MAP kinases in a cell type-specific manner. We next tested the effects of the cAMP signal in ADSCs. Application of a cAMP analogue to ADSCs induced Nr4a expressions and decreased expressions of PPARgamma. These data suggested that Nr4a inhibited ADSCs differentiation in a cAMP-dependent manner.
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