Antibodies that attack the neuromuscular junction induce myasthenia gravis, an immunological illness. Such antibodies assault and degrade postsynaptic molecules in by binding to the postsynaptic muscular end-plate. As a consequence, signal transduction is disrupted, resulting in muscular weakness and fatigability. Developments in our knowledge of the immunological mechanisms that cause myasthenia gravis have paved the way for the development of new targeted immunity treatments. The majority of myasthenia gravis sufferers have a well-managed condition with just minor to moderate symptoms. The goal must be to create more targeted therapies that reduce or enhance tolerance to the well-known and particular autoimmune reactions that result in autoantibody formation and muscular weakening. Several drugs widely used in obstetrics can aggravate the condition. The impact of maternity on myasthenia varies greatly from one woman to the next, as well as from one pregnancy to the next within the same woman. Acetylcholine esterase inhibitors, corticosteroids, and other immunosuppressants, as well as proper rest, are the most common therapy. Intrauterine antibody exposure can cause in utero or neonatal effects in newborns, which are usually temporary. This review focuses on myasthenia gravis subgroups and treatment breakthroughs, as well as the influence of myasthenia gravis on pregnancy and its management.
Background: Parkinson's disease is a complicated, gradually progressive neurological illness characterized by locomotor and non-motor symptomatology that impedes daily activities. Despite significant advances in symptomatic therapies with various extents of negative effects, there are currently no disease-modifying medicinal alternatives. Symptoms worsen, creating an additional strain that reduces living quality and creates the perception that prescription drugs are no longer productive. Objective: Adopting healthy lifestyle habits can help patients feel more empowered, promote wellness, relieve symptoms, and potentially slow neurodegeneration. Nutrition, intellectual stimulation, physical exercise, and stress reduction are all examples of lifestyle habits that improve cognitive health and life satisfaction. We discuss how changes in lifestyle, nutrition, yoga, exercise, and acupuncture can help with managing the disease's symptoms. Method: We searched Google Scholar for various research papers and review articles from publishers, such as Bentham Science, Elsevier, Taylor and Francis, Springer Nature, and others for gathering the data for the study. Result: Pesticide exposure, environmental hazards, dietary choices, stress, and anxiety all have an indirect or immediate influence on the commencement of Parkinson's disease. Naturopathic remedies, such as nutraceuticals, yoga, exercise, and acupuncture, have been shown to help with Parkinson's disease management. Conclusion: Various preclinical and clinical studies have shown that the various factors mentioned are beneficial in the management of the disease, but more research is needed to validate the extent to which such factors are beneficial.
Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative syndrome defined by a variety of motor, cognitive, and psychomotor dysfunctions. The current pharmaceutical treatment focuses on treating the condition's symptoms. They are primarily concerned with reducing illness symptoms or avoiding dopamine metabolism. As our understanding of disease pathogenesis improves, new therapeutic approaches emerge. Objective: This article aims to describe the standard Parkinson's medications based on symptoms and requirements. It emphasizes recent advancements in symptomatic therapy for motor indications and achievements in the research and clinical testing of medicines that promise to enable disease modification in patients with already-manifest PD. Methods: Information for this paper was found by looking through Google Scholar and reading several research and review articles from Bentham Science, Science Direct, Elsevier, Frontiers, Taylor & Francis, and other publishers. Result: Parkinson's disease therapeutic interventions are now limited to symptomatic therapy, mostly in dopaminergic medications and deep brain stimulation (DBS). They have the potential to deliver great therapeutic progress, yet they can also have serious drawbacks that decrease a patient's quality of life. The progress of pluripotent stem cell therapies and genome engineering procedures has sparked renewed hope for the treatment of a wide range of human illnesses, particularly genetic abnormalities. Conclusion: The current Parkinson's therapy trends are successful and continually evolving, with several drugs currently undergoing clinical trials. As these new therapies constantly coming out and can be used together, they will likely change how Parkinson's disease is treated in the coming years.
Background The loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra, as well as other mostly catecholaminergic neurons, causes many of the motor symptoms that define Parkinson's disease. Parkinson's disease is commonly thought of as a movement disorder, the significant prevalence of psychiatric complications such as cognitive impairment, and psychosis suggests it should be considered a neuropsychiatric illness, and all behavioral complications are linked to growing disability and the medication. Main body Apart from the disease-induced abnormalities, there are several other side effects of the disease and also from the medication used to prevent the disease. This article focuses on the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease and also the behavioral abnormalities caused by the disease and its medication. The study's data were gathered by searching several review articles and research papers from a variety of sources, including Elsevier, PubMed, Research Gate, Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, etc., from the year 1985 to 2021. Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease caused by a variety of complex processes. It is responsible not just for motor symptoms, but also for a variety of behavioral symptoms that can arise as a result of the disease and/or medication. Conclusion Only symptomatic drugs are available; thus, finding treatments that directly address the disease mechanisms causing Parkinson’s disease is essential. To alleviate the disease's burden on patients and their families, better treatments for the neuropsychiatric repercussions of Parkinson's disease are required. Graphical Abstract
Background: Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurological ailment. It is also known that it affects practically all other brain components, although only gradually. Animal models are mostly used to test the efficacy of treatment against a specific enzyme and to aid in the creation of a new drug dose. Objective: The purpose of this review paper is to highlight in vivo Parkinson's disease screening approaches, as well as the mechanism of action of each drug involved in Parkinson's disease development, and discuss the limitations of each model. In addition, also sheds light on Parkinson's disease genetic models. Method: The data for the publication was gathered from databases such as PubMed, Bentham Science, Elsevier, Springer Nature, Wiley, and Research Gate after a thorough examination of diverse research findings linked to Parkinson’s disease and its screening models. Result: Each chemical or drug has a unique mechanism for causing disease, whether it's through the production of reactive oxygen species or the blockage of the dopamine receptor. Almost every symptom of the disease, whether physical or behavioral, is covered by each of the constructed models' unique set of indicators and symptoms. Conclusion: Animal models are typically used to assess a medicine's activity against a specific enzyme and to aid in the creation of a new drug dose. The process, restrictions, and mechanisms interfering with the screening, as well as the level of animal suffering, must all be thoroughly reviewed before any model for screening for Parkinson's disease can be implemented.
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