This article is concerned with the description and analysis of Övdalian referential null subjects. A general background to Övdalian is provided together with the syntactic restrictions on the possible null subjects (wįð‘we’ andið‘you’). Interestingly, these null subjects in Övdalian do not appear in the same syntactic positions. This syntactic difference leads us to the conclusion that the distribution of the two possible null subjects must be explained individually. I argue here that the syntactic restrictions indicate that nullwįðrequires a link to the surrounding context in order to be identified, whereas the identification of nulliðseems to be dependent on the agreement affix. I build on the proposal of Koeneman (2006), and argue that affixes may have pronominal properties, proposing that this gives an explanation as to why nulliðis not restricted in the same fashion as nullwįð. Finally, Övdalian is discussed in a wider Germanic context, and it is shown that Övdalian is one of a small number of non-standard Germanic languages which allow referential null subjects.
A number of modern Germanic vernaculars (non-standard languages and dialects) allow first and second person null subjects (NSs), but not third person. In this chapter, the person asymmetry, and the relation between these NSs and agreement on finite verbs (and subordinators) are discussed. It is argued that it is not necessary to assume a specific Speech Act-feature in order to explain why third person NSs are disallowed. The crucial factor is instead assumed to be Distinct Agreement, i.e. the agreeing element must (uniquely) express the same φ-features and values for these features as the corresponding overt pronoun in order to allow an NS, including not only number and person, but also—crucially—gender.
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