Cellulose nanofibril dispersion (50 µg/ml) did not affect the cytotoxicity or metabolic activity of Normal Human Dermal Fibroblasts and Human Epidermal Keratinocytes Aerogels made of cellulose nanofibrils induced a reduction of metabolic activity by the fibroblasts and keratinocytes, but no significant cell death Cytokine profiling measuring 27 cytokines revealed that the keratinocytes and fibroblasts did not induce cytokines upon direct exposure to the CNF materials. Due to the nano dimension of the CNFs, the aerogels had a high moisture-holding capacity (~7500%) 3
AbstractWood cellulose nanofibrils have been suggested as a potential wound healing material, but its utilization is limited by FDA requirements regarding endotoxin levels. In this study a method using sodium hydroxide followed by TEMPO mediated oxidation was developed to produce ultrapure cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), with an endotoxin level of 45 endotoxin units/g (EU/g) cellulose. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (S(T)EM) revealed a highly nanofibrillated structure (lateral width of 3.7±1.3 nm).Assessment of cytotoxicity and metabolic activity on Normal Human Dermal Fibroblasts and Human Epidermal Keratinocytes was done. CNF-dispersion of 50 g/ml did not affect the cells. CNF-aerogels induced a reduction of metabolic activity by the fibroblasts and keratinocytes, but no significant cell death. Cytokine profiling revealed no induction of the 27 cytokines tested upon exposure to CNF. The moisture-holding capacity of aerogels was relatively high (~7500%), compared to a commercially available wound dressing (~2500%),indicating that the CNF material is promising as dressing material for management of wounds with a moderate to high amount of exudate.
Chronic wounds pose an increasingly significant worldwide economic burden (over £1 billion per annum in the UK alone). With the escalation in global obesity and diabetes, chronic wounds will increasingly be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) are highly versatile and can be tailored with specific physical properties to produce an assortment of three-dimensional structures (hydrogels, aerogels or films), for subsequent utilization as wound dressing materials. Growth curves using CNF (diameter <20nm) in suspension demonstrated an interesting dose-dependent inhibition of bacterial growth. In addition, analysis of biofilm formation (Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1) on nanocellulose aerogels (20g/m) revealed significantly less biofilm biomass with decreasing aerogel porosity and surface roughness. Importantly, virulence factor production by P. aeruginosa in the presence of nanocellulose materials, quantified for the first time, was unaffected (p>0.05) over 24h. These data demonstrate the potential of nanocellulose materials in the development of novel dressings that may afford significant clinical potential.
Using a lepirudin-based human whole blood model we evaluated the initial inflammatory and coagulation responses of dense and porous ultrapure (<50 endotoxin units/grams) cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), of carboxylated grade. The CNF was compared to the wound dressing AquaCel ® , since it is a potential wound healing material. The porous CNF aerogels induced the strongest coagulation potential measured as prothrombin factor 1.2 (PTF1.2). AquaCel ® induced the strongest complement response by terminal complement complex (TCC) and surface C3c. All materials activated leukocytes CD11b, while the levels of only three of 27 cytokines were significantly changed, limited to; i) an elevation of the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL) by the CNF aerogel, ii) a reduction of eosinophil chemotactic proteins (eotaxin/CCL11) by the CNF aerogel and iii) a reduction of plateletderived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) by all CNF materials. In conclusion, the CNF materials and AquaCel® differently activate coagulation, complement and cytokines, improving the selection possibilities in various treatment situations of wound healing.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.