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The X-ray structure of the Grb2-SH2 domain in complex with a specific phosphopeptide ligand has revealed the existence of an extended hydrophobic area adjacent to the primary binding site of the ligand on the SH2 domain. This has been exploited to design hydrophobic C-terminal groups that improve the binding affinity of the minimal sequence pTyr-Ile-Asn recognized by the Grb2-SH2 domain. The most significant increase in affinity (25-fold compared to that of the reference peptide having a nonsubstituted carboxamide C-terminus) was obtained with a 3-naphthalen-1-yl-propyl group which was predicted to have the largest contact area with the SH2 domain hydrophobic region. This modification combined with replacement of the minimal sequence isoleucine residue by 1-aminocyclohexane carboxylic acid to stabilize the β-turn conformation required for recognition by the Grb2-SH2 domain resulted in the high affinity (47 nM in an ELISA assay) and selective phosphopeptide Ac-pTyr-Ac6c-Asn-NH(3-naphthalen-1-yl-propyl).

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