Axillary lymph node (ALN) status is an important prognostic factor for overall breast cancer survival. In current clinical practice, ALN status is evaluated before surgery via multimodal imaging and physical examination. Mammography is typically suboptimal for complete ALN evaluation. Currently, ultrasonography is widely used to evaluate ALN status; nonetheless, results may vary according to operator. Ultrasonography is the primary imaging modality for evaluating ALN status. Other imaging modalities including contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and positron emission tomography/computed tomography can play additional roles in axillary nodal staging.The purpose of this article is (1) to review the strengths and weaknesses of current imaging modalities for nodal staging in breast cancer patients and (2) to discuss updated guidelines for ALN management with regard to preoperative ALN imaging.

Latanoprost, travoprost, bimatoprost, and tafluprost inhibited human preadipocyte differentiation and intracellular lipid accumulation. Morphologic and metabolic changes in orbital adipocytes caused by PGF2α analogs are a possible pathophysiologic explanation of superior eyelid deepening in patients with glaucoma.

The present study did not show cytoprotective effects of amifostine for DTC patients treated with 131I.

PHMB and chlorhexidine showed a similar amoebicidal efficacy. However, PHMB seemed to be more toxic to keratocytes than chlorhexidine.

The results of this study suggest that the ICG of 1.25 mg/mL or higher concentration has toxicity to the outer retina of the rabbit and may cause adverse effects on the functional outcome after macular hole surgery.