F . <~/ r i q \ .75(2). 1994. pp 532-547 i 1994 h) thc Ecologtcal Sorlrty ol Arncrlca
ASSESSING HOW FISH PREDATION AND INTERSPECIFIC PREY COMPETITION INFLUENCE A CRAYFISH ASSEMBLAGE1.lI~sft.u~~t. In northern Wisconsin lakes. the introduced crayfish 0rc.otlrc.tcs r~lsticus is replacing 0. propiilqir~c.r. a previous invader. and 0. ~.irili.s, a native craqfish. Herein. \ve cxplore how fish predation and competition interact to drive this change in crayfish species composition. In outside pools. we conducted selective predation experiments exposing craqlish to largemouth bass. .21ic,t~optc,rus sultlro~dc.r, to quantify patterns of crayfish vulnerabilitq. T o deter-mine how interactions among crayfish influence susceptibility. we quantilied shelter usc and behavioral interactions among craqfish in aquaria and outside pools.At equal s~/ e . 0.~.rrilrs was more susceptible to fish predation than either ofthe invaders. 0. ru.\tic,~(.s and 0.~~ropttiy~rui: the two inbadcrs mere equally susceptible to predation. Howc\er. s i x s of these craqfish in the field are 0. 1.tr111.r > 0.~IISIICLIS> 0. prol1it1q1l1l.r. Because fish predators prefer sniall crayfish. at unequal size. small 0. p r o p r t q~~u s \Irere morc vulnerable to predation than large 0. rlc.rfirus. Thus. 0. rli.\t~c~ls replace 0.can ~r c~~~~t~y u~r s d u e to natural sile difftrences. Although 0.~Yrilisgrows larger than the invaders. ~t was more susceptible e\,en when 3 nini larger. We hqpothesized that 0. l,irili.s, although large. part~cipatcd in beha\ iors that increased its risk to predation.When provided with unlimited shelters. all three species increased refuge use under predatory risk. When shelters were limiting and fish present. 0.~>irilis was excluded from shelters bq in\ ader-s. 0.~.trtlts also participated in risk! behaviors. such as increased activity and swimming. Both agonistic interactions with congeners and approaches by largemouth bass Increased risk! behaviors in 0.1.iri1t.s. In addition. 0. 1.1rili.r was innately less aggressive than in\.aders. G i \ e n these bcha\.iors. 0. 1.rt.111s was consumed at high rates and \vould be e\entuallq replaced in lakes.In northern Wisconsin lakes. lish predation and cra!fishxrayfish con~petition interact to Influence crayfish replacements. Based on our results. largemouth bass predation modifies the outcome of ~nterfercnce competition among the three crayfishes and. in turn. competitive Interactions among the crab fishes influence susceptibility to fish predation. We predict that 0. 1~rt.111.s should suffer high mortalit) to fish predation in the presence. rather than in the absence. of the two in\.ading species. Our results support the hypothesis that. in areas of sqmpatrq whcrc predators are \electi\e and pre! species compete. predation and competition interact to d e t c r m~n e community structure. et al. 1983). Clearlq. predation and competithat influence cornto dramat~call! influence communitq structure. .41-tion are interrelated n~e c h a n i s n~s though these two forccs can work indcpendentlq...
The lack of evaluated tools inhibits the ability to assess and monitor food literacy; tailor, target and evaluate programmes; identify gaps in programming; engage in advocacy; and allocate resources. The present scoping review provides the foundation for the development of a food literacy measurement tool to address these gaps.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.