Although a significant body of literature has analyzed the effect of income-mediated policies on nutrition, research on how income affect nutrition consumption is scant. This paper contributes to the literature by decomposing the overall income effect on rural residents’ calorie intake into the direct income effect and the structure effect by building a simple theoretical model and conducting related empirical research with an instrumental variable (IV) approach. Using nationally representative data from China, we find that the structure effect of income, represented by fat share growth induced by income, occupies a considerable proportion (38.03%) of overall income effect. Additionally, we provide evidence of an asymmetric distributional effect of income on calorie intake. In particular, the structure effect of income substantially accounts for a larger proportion in the higher quantiles of the calorie intake distribution. Our findings help better evaluate the effectiveness of the income-mediated policies from quantity and structure perspectives in a comprehensive framework.
AQM (Active Queue Management) is an effective scheme to enhance congestion control. Most of the mobile networks today use queue management to manage and improve network performance. In this paper, we deploy AQM mechanism in Mobile Ad Hoc networks to manage the packets queue in the network nodes. By modeling a node with multi-receiver in Ad Hoc networks, we develop an analytical model for a multi-server and finite capacity queuing system with AQM mechanisms under multi-classes of traffic. We consider multiple classes of traffic modeled by Poisson arrival and exponentially service processes. It deduced the performance metrics including the average queue length, system throughput, probability of drop packet and the average waiting time. Then, it illustrated the relationship between above metrics and the number of servers. Finally, by demonstrating the effective number of servers, it illuminate that we should deploy appropriate number of servers for a certain condition.. INTRODUCTIONMobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) [1] are networks where there is no fixed infrastructure and it is a selforganizing networks formed by a collection of autonomous mobile wireless nodes. The mobile nodes are independent and have distributed control, which are able to communicate directly only with those nodes that are within its transmission range. The nodes can also be connected to a fixed-backbone network through a dedicated gateway device, enabling IP networking services in areas where Internet services are not available due to lack of preinstalled infrastructure. Moreover, the applications in military and civilian are very popular. All these advantages make ad hoc networking an attractive option in the future wireless networks arena. Therefore, how to manage and improve the performance of Mobile Ad Hoc networks is an important issue.In the most of Ad Hoc networks, the mobile nodes are single-receiver. For a common network node, single receiver is enough. However, as a node that is to connect several Ad Hoc networks, Internet or other networks, it has multireceivers necessarily to incept much information. When the multi-classes of traffic enter into the nodes for transmission, the receivers are server for the traffics, the packets are customer and the transmitted process is service process. Therefore, by abstracting the nodes' character of Ad Hoc networks, from the traffics transmit to receipt and process; it comes into being a queuing system. In order to avoid the congestion and collision [2], we deploy AQM mechanism to manage the queue in the network nodes. The central objective of AQM is to estimate the congestion and avoid the congestion by means of dropping packets depending on the policy. Random Early Detection (RED) is the most popular AQM schemes whose performance has been widely researched. In [3], a robust AQM mechanism based on rate estimated performs better in responding to various traffics. Sally and Van's [4] found that RED performs many disadvantages in many scenarios. Significantly, in [5], Martin etc presented that the s...
This paper empirically analyzes the income effect of the nutrient intake structure of migrant workers based on the 2014 survey data on the employment and food demand of urban migrant workers in China. The results showed that after controlling for factors such as labor intensity, height and weight, the monthly average income significantly increased the calorie intake of migrant workers, and the income elasticity was 0.052. From the perspective of nutrient intake structure, the average monthly income had no significant effect on the carbohydrate intake of migrant workers, but significantly increased the fat and protein intake of migrant workers, and the income elasticity was 0.222 and 0.075, respectively. Nutrition has not linear relationship between demand and income. The effect of average income on caloric intake of migrant workers in low income group, middle income group and high income group decreases with the increase of income group, until it has no significant effect on high income group, and heat demand income elasticity of low-income as well as middle-income group of migrant workers was 0.182 and 0.092, respectively.
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