Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) accumulates in plants following exposure to heavy metals. to investigate the role of GABA in cadmium (cd) tolerance and elucidate the underlying mechanisms, GABA (0, 25 and 50 µM) was applied to cd-treated maize plants. Vegetative growth parameters were improved in both cd-treated and control plants due to GABA application. cd uptake and translocation were considerably inhibited by GABA. Antioxidant enzyme activity was enhanced in plants subjected to cd. concurrently GABA caused further increases in catalase and superoxide dismutase activities, which led to a significant reduction in hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion and malondealdehyde contents under stress conditions. polyamine biosynthesis-responsive genes, namely ornithine decarboxylase and spermidine synthase, were induced by GABA in plants grown under cd shock. GABA suppressed polyamine oxidase, a gene related to polyamine catabolism, when plants were exposed to Cd. Consequently, different forms of polyamines were elevated in Cd-exposed plants following GABA application. The maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (F v /f m) was decreased by cd-exposed plants, but was completely restored by GABA to the same value in the control. these results suggest a multifaceted contribution of GABA, through regulation of cd uptake, production of reactive oxygen species and polyamine metabolism, in response to cd stress. Heavy metal (HM) toxicity is considered a major threat to living organisms. HM-polluted soils derived from increasing geologic and anthropogenic activities have significantly impacted the production of high-quality agricultural crops in certain regions of the world. Plants growing on these soils exhibit reduced growth, photosynthetic performance, and yield 1. As a naturally occurring HM pollutant, Cd exposure has been documented in most organisms, particularly plants and humans 2. World fertilizer consumption is increasing and will eventually reach a point where the drawbacks outweigh the benefits 3. The same mechanisms that drive improved plant productivity often create side effects such as environmental contamination. Furthermore, some components of fertilizers, especially Cd, accumulate in both body and food chain, where they remain for an extended period and causes adverse health effects 4. Therefore, fertilizers containing very high levels of Cd (417 mg/kg) threaten human health by accumulation in important crop such as maize 5. Maize, as one of the most popular cereal grain, is widely cultivated across the world. Maize is also produced at an industrial scale as a key input in various products such as syrups, soft drinks and charcoals 6,7. Therefore, there is a strong incentive to minimize the toxic effects of Cd in maize.
Persian medicine has recommended clinical experiences and proper herbal remedies for prevention and treatment of microbial infections and respiratory diseases. An open-label, randomized, controlled, multicenter trial was conducted at five hospitals in Tehran and Isfahan provinces of Iran on 358 hospitalized adult patients. A total of 174 patients received standard care and 184 received herbal remedies (polyherbal decoction every 8 hr and two herbal capsules every 12 hr) plus standard care for 7 days. The primary clinical endpoint was the duration of hospital stay, and secondary outcomes were clinical improvement of symptoms based on self-assessment questionnaire. Results demonstrated that these natural decoction and capsules treatment plus routine care significantly decreased duration of hospital dyspnea (3.291 day vs. 6.468 days), accelerated clinical improvement, and decreased symptoms such as dry cough, dyspnea, muscle pain, headache, fatigue, anorexia, chills, runny nose, sputum cough, and vertigo in the treatment group compared with standard-care group.Significant effects of these polyherbal formulations on improving the symptoms of COVID-19 could be incredibly promising for managing this pandemic with acceptable tolerability.
In this study, a total of 25 endophytic fungi were successfully isolated from the inner bark of Taxus baccata grown in Iran by the aseptic technique. Genomic DNA was extracted from isolated endophytic fungi and subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis for the presence of the Taxus taxadiene synthase (ts) gene, which encodes the enzyme catalyzing the first committed step of taxol biosynthesis. Four of 25 isolated endophytic fungi isolates showed PCR positive for the ts gene. Subsequently, taxol and 10-deacetylbaccatin III (10-DAB III) were extracted from culture filtrates and mycelia of the PCR positive isolates and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The analysis showed that one isolate (SBU-16) produced taxol (6.9 ± 0.2 μg L(-1) ) and its intermediate compound, 10-DAB III (2.2 ± 0.1 μg L(-1) ). The isolate SBU-16 was identified as Stemphylium sedicola SBU-16, according to its morphological characteristics as well as the internal transcribed spacer nuclear rDNA gene sequence analysis. Interestingly, this is the first report of the genus Stemphylium as a taxol-producing taxon.
Lack of molecular biology evidence has led clinical success of alternative and complementary medicine (CAM) to be marginalized. In turn, a large portion of life Science researchers could not communicate and help to develop therapeutic potential laid in these therapeutic approaches. In this study, we began to quantify descriptive classification theory in one of the CAM branches i.e. Iranian traditional medicine (ITM). Using proteomic tools and network analysis, the expressed proteins and their relationships were studied in mitochondrial lysate isolated from PBMCs from two different temperaments i.e. Hot-wet (HW) and Cold-dry (CD). The 82% of the identified proteins are over- or under-represented in distinct temperaments. Also, our result showed the different protein-protein interaction networks (PPIN) represented in these two temperaments using centrality and module finding analysis. Following the gene ontology and pathway enrichment analysis, we have found enriched biological terms in each group which are in conformity with the physiologically known evidence in ITM. In conclusion, we argued that the network biology which naturally consider life at the system level along with the different omics data will pave the way toward explicit delineation of the CAM activities.
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