Manganese has recently been a topic of interest among researchers, particularly when 1,752 million tonnes of manganese are expected to be produced by the steel industry in 2020. Manganese discharges from industrial effluents have increased manganese contamination in water sources. Its concentrations of more than 0.2 mg/L in the water sources could have negative impacts on human health and the aquatic ecosystem. Thereby, the available water treatment processes face challenges in effectively removing manganese at low cost. In response to these challenges, adsorption has emerged as one of the most practical water treatment processes for manganese removal. In particular, agricultural waste adsorbents received a lot of attention owing to their low cost and high efficiency (99%) in the removal of manganese. Therefore, this paper reviews the removal of manganese by adsorption process using agricultural waste adsorbents. The factors affecting the adsorption process, the mechanisms, and the performances of the adsorbents are elucidated in detail.
Nowadays, innovation for teaching aids is an important requirement to ensure the teaching and learning process can run smoothly. Coinciding with the Malaysia Education Blueprint 2013-2025 (Ministry of Education) through the ninth surge of Global Online MOOC can increase computer literacy (3.75), interest (3.78) and student learning styles (3.75) and make the learning process more interesting. In addition, the findings show that the use of the MOOC application can help students in improving the performance and achievement of students in learning and thus can be an alternative to diversifying the teaching and learning process in VC.
This study examined some important factors for optimal aerobic granular sludge performance using soy sauce wastewater as a substrate in a lab-scale alternating anaerobic/aerobic sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The SBR was equipped with a circulation process to restrict the concentration gradient of granular biomass during the anaerobic phase. The influence of the circulation rate was investigated together with operation time on the SBR performances. Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) took 60 days to appear and the average diameter was 2.0 mm (with a maximum value of 2.5 mm). Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used for experimental design, analysis and optimization. The results showed that the maximum COD removal (90%) and good SVI performance of 55.3 mL/g were obtained at the highest value of the operation time (60 d) and at moderate circulation rate (25.2 L/h). The maximum values of MLVSS/MLSS have been found to be 89% at the highest value of the factors (60 d and 36.0 L/h). At optimum point (33.62 L/h of circulation rate and 60 d of operation time), the amount of COD removed, MLVSS/MLSS and SVI were 86.5%, 88.8% and 58.6 mL/g, respectively.
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