Single bony landmark may not help in locating SH because of anatomical variations. Depth of hiatus less than 3 mm may be one of the causes for failure of needle insertion. Surrounding bony irregularities, different shapes of hiatus and defects in dorsal wall of sacral canal should be taken into consideration before undertaking caudal epidural block so as to avoid its failure.
The internal transverse, outer transverse and antero-posterior diameters, length of trachea and bronchi and circumference of trachea, relate in a linear fashion to CRL and age. However, subcarinal and bronchial angles remained constant.
Bilateral variations in the formation of median nerve (Mn) and the recurrent course of its communications with musculocutaneous nerve (MCn) are very rare. These bilateral anomalies were observed during a routine dissection of the upper limbs of an adult male cadaver in the Department of Anatomy, PGIMER, Chandigarh. On both the sides, Mn was formed by the union of three roots. There was an additional lateral root on both sides. On the right side it was a contribution from the lateral cord and on the left it arose from the anterior division of the middle trunk. On the left side the lateral cord was formed distal than usual in relation to the second part of the axillary artery. On the right side a communicating branch arising from the additional lateral root followed a recurrent course and divided into two to unite separately with medial root of median, while on the left side a single communicating branch from an additional lateral root united with the medial root of median. Recurrent course of the communicating branch between lateral root of median and medial root of median has not been reported earlier. On the right side the MCn after piercing the coracobrachialis gave another communicating branch, which joined the Mn at the level of insertion of deltoid.
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