A voltage difference is detected in the “generator” part of individual water‐filled SWNTs when a current is applied on their “motor” part. It is suggested that the measured voltage difference reveals a newly induced electromotive force, which is generated by a water flow inside the SWNT. The water molecules in the nanotube channel are in turn dragged to flow by the current applied on the “motor” part.
wileyonlinelibrary.comrelies on the geometrical shape or variation of the spatial profi le of the refractive index, such as in lenses, prisms, gratings and holograms. Moreover, the combination of multiple discrete optical devices [ 5,6 ] is required to enable simultaneous manipulation of polarization states and phase profi le, each of which contributes to a specifi c function. These components using conventional methods are bulky and very often operate only within a narrow wavelength range, resulting in diffi culties in optical system miniaturization and integration, insuffi cient for emerging technologies with increasingly demanding requirements.Plasmonic metamaterials have enabled the realization of numerous fascinating phenomena and functionalities simply through tailoring the subwavelength structures and their interactions. [7][8][9] Taking advantage of the anisotropic response, plasmonic metasurfaces were introduced recently to enable an abrupt phase discontinuity and gradient of the cross-polarized component. [ 10 ] Together with the broadband operation and improved linear polarization conversion effi ciency, [ 11 ] these developments have opened a new research realm of fl at optics. [ 12 ] However, so far it is still challenging to simultaneously manipulate the polarization state into an arbitrary direction and a phase variation spanning over the entire 2 π range. That is, they are still two separate functions requiring different optical devices. [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] Here, we propose and validate dual-layer plasmonic metasurfaces that can provide simultaneous manipulation of the phase and polarization of the transmitted light. An arbitrary spatial fi eld distribution of the optical phase is obtained by using plasmonic metasurfaces consisting of six sub-units, where the orientation of these sub-units can be tuned to further control the polarization. We demonstrate broadband near-perfect anomalous refraction of the transmitted light with high effi ciency and to any desired polarization direction. The proposed metasurfaces further facilitate the generation of arbitrary vector optical fi elds, e.g., a radially polarized beam as demonstrated in our experiments. The new degrees of freedom of metasurfaces facilitate arbitrary manipulation of light and will profoundly affect a wide range of photonic applications. Results and DiscussionFigures 1 a,b schematically illustrate the structure of the plasmonic metasurfaces, where the unit cell consists of a pair of Harnessing light for modern photonic applications often involves the control and manipulation of light polarization and phase. Traditional methods require a combination of multiple discrete optical components, each of which contributes to a specifi c functionality. Here, plasmonic metasurfaces are proposed that accomplish the simultaneous manipulation of polarization and phase of the transmitted light. Arbitrary spatial fi eld distribution of the optical phase and polarization direction can be obtained. The multifunctional metasurfaces are vali...
The application of three-dimensional (3D) plasmonic nanostructures as metamaterials (MMs), nano-antennas, and other devices faces challenges in producing metallic nanostructures with easily definable orientations, sophisticated shapes, and smooth surfaces that are operational in the optical regime and beyond. Here, we demonstrate that complex 3D nanostructures can be readily achieved with focused-ion-beam irradiation-induced folding and examine the optical characteristics of plasmonic ''nanograter'' structures that are composed of free-standing Au films. These 3D nanostructures exhibit interesting 3D hybridization in current flows and exhibit unusual and well-scalable Fano resonances at wavelengths ranging from 1.6 to 6.4 mm. Upon the introduction of liquids of various refractive indices to the structures, a strong dependence of the Fano resonance is observed, with spectral sensitivities of 1400 nm and 2040 nm per refractive index unit under figures of merit of 35.0 and 12.5, respectively, for low-order and high-order resonance in the near-infrared region. This work indicates the exciting, increasing relevance of similarly constructed 3D free-standing nanostructures in the research and development of photonics and MMs.
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