The mechanics of a tractor-trailer system moving up and down sloping ground under different operating conditions was theoretically simulated. A computer program was developed to analyze the system to predict the effect of both the trailer loading weight and the slope angle on the tractor stability, traction ability, and drawbar loading. The program was used to analyze a tractor-trailer system moving at uniform motion up and downhill. The results of this analysis showed that the tractor becomes unstable when towing a 3750 kg trailer uphill at 28° slope angle. Insufficient traction occurred at slope angles ranging from 15° to 18° corresponding to trailer weight of 3750 to 750 kg. The parallel component of drawbar pull reached a maximum value of 17318 N when the trailer was pushing the tractor downhill at 30° slope angle. The normal component (normal to the tractive surface) showed similar maximum values for both uphill and downhill motions of the system. The use of computer analysis in this study provided a significant improvement in predicting the effect of different parameters on stability and control of tractor-trailer combination on sloping ground.
Key words:Tractor-trailer, Stability, Traction, Sloping ground, Drawbar.
RESUMO
SIMULAÇÃO COMPUTACIONAL DA ESTABILIDADE E CONTROLE DE COMBINAÇÕES TRATOR-CARRETA SOB DIFERENTES CONDIÇÕES DE OPERAÇÃOA mecânica do sistema trator-carreta movendo-se encosta acima e abaixo, sob diferentes condições de operação, foi simulada teoricamente. Foi desenvolvido um programa de computador para analisar o sistema visando prever o efeito do peso da carga da carreta e do ângulo da pendente na estabilidade do trator, na capacidade de tração e no carregamento da barra de tração. O programa computacional foi usado para analisar o sistema trator-carreta em deslocamento uniforme encosta acima e abaixo. Os resultados dessa análise mostraram que o trator se torna instável quando traciona uma carreta de 3.750 kg subindo uma encosta com 28º de declividade. Tração insuficiente ocorre quando os ângulos de inclinação variam de 15º a 18º, com pesos na carreta, respectivamente, de 3.750 a 750 kg. A componente paralela da força na barra de tração atingiu valor máximo de 17.318 N quando a carreta estava empurrando um trator encosta abaixo em uma ladeira com 30º de inclinação. A componente normal (normal à superfície de tração) apresentou valores máximos semelhantes, tanto nos deslocamentos do sistema encosta acima como encosta abaixo. O uso da análise computacional neste estudo trouxe melhoria significativa na previsão do efeito de diferentes parâmetros na estabilidade e no controle da combinação trator-carreta em terrenos inclinados.Palavras-chave: trator-carreta, estabilidade, tração, terrenos inclinados, barra de tração.
Large areas in Jordan are planted with olive trees, resulting in the production of large amounts of olive cake (OC) and annually imposing a disposal and pollution burden. This research examined the use of OC compost as a soil amendment and its effect on soil physical properties such as soil water retention and infiltration in terms of depth of penetration and accumulated intake on two soil types: clay (S1) and silt loam (S2). Composting was intended to reduce the harmful effects of untreated OC. Olive cake was added to soil at three levels: 2%, 4%, and 8% by weight. Compared with control (untreated soil), adding composted OC caused significant improvements in soil physical properties considered. The changes in soil properties were, in general, proportional to the levels of compost added. For S2 at the 8% level, the depth of penetration and accumulated intake of water in soil were increased by 36.5% and 34.3%, respectively. For S1, the corresponding increases in the depth of penetration and accumulated intake were 27.1% and 35%, respectively. Furthermore the increase in soil water-holding capacity for S2 and S1 at the 8% level of compost addition was up to 10.3% and 16.5%, respectively.
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